Ženy a viera - Židovské náboženstvo

Aký vzťah si vytvorilo k žene? Aké miesto určilo žene v spoločnosti? Odpoveďou je hneď prvá dogma o stvorení sveta a človeka. Ideologické a etické predstavy Židov prezentuje posvätná kniha židovského národa - Starý zákon.

davidova_hviezda_21

Oboznamuje s dejinami židovského náboženstva, ktoré sú zároveň náčrtom dejín židovského národa. Táto kniha vznikala ako kolektívne dielo "prorokov" v 10. - 9. storočí pred n. l. a definitívnu podobu získala koncom 1. storočia n. l.

Okolo roku 1000 pred n. l. sa Židia usadili v Palestíne a vytvorili ranootrokársky štát. V tom čase už u nich prevládlo monoteistické náboženstvo, pričom uctievanie starých alebo cudzích božstiev sa považovalo za prekážku národnej jednoty a budovania centralizovaného štátu. Charakteristické črty židovského náboženstva, obsiahnuté v spisoch Starého zákona, sú: monoteizmus, viera v príchod Spasiteľa a (predovšetkým) predstava národnej výnimočnosti vyjadrovaná tézou, že Židia sú vyvolený národ.

Žena bola u starých Hebrejcov relatívne slobodná: mohla si slobodne vybrať manžela, popri polygýnii (mnohoženstve) existovala aj polyandria (mnohomužstvo) a boli známe aj príbuzenské manželské zväzky; panenstvu sa nepripisoval žiadny význam. Keď sa však z kočovných Hebrejcov stali usadlí Izraeliti, začali sa množiť zákazy a príkazy týkajúce sa aj manželského života.

Stalo sa teda zjavným, že to, čo vyhovuje ľuďom putujúcim po púšti, nevyhovuje usadlíkom orúcim pôdu, sadiacim vinič a stavajúcim kamenné domy. Časy ženských stanov, nočných únosov žien (okorenené mužskými šarvátkami) a striedanie partnerov v skupinových manželstvách, boli preč... Vzťah ženy a muža sa zmenil na vlastnícky - žena sa stala mužovým majetkom (manželky sa kupovali, pričom platbou mohla byť aj služba). Spolu s touto skutočnosťou nadobudlo dôležitosť aj panenstvo, pretože "kupujúci" chcel dostať "tovar" neporušený... Rodí sa pojem nevera, cudzoložstvo, smilstvo a kodifikujú sa drakonické tresty za to, čo bolo donedávna celkom prirodzené.

Zásadný vzťah židovského náboženstva k žene je však daný hneď v prvej dogme o stvorení sveta a človeka: Ak bol totiž Adam vytvorený z hliny, do ktorej boh vdýchol dušu a žena bola stvorená len z Adamovho rebra, automaticky sa stáva jedincom "druhej triedy". "Logickým" spôsobom teda získava menejcennú pozíciu, je bytosťou závislou od muža a, samozrejme, "prischne" jej tiež zodpovednosť za prekliatie dedičným hriechom, ktorý spáchala tým, že ochutnala ovocie zo stromu poznania. Túžba po poznaní sa tak zmenila na hriech, a pokiaľ by sa to všetko niekomu zdalo málo odsúdeniahodné, pridalo sa zvádzanie (a muž bol z toho kompletne vonku). Oficiálnym trestom za dané prečiny ženy sa stali pôrodné bolesti a vnútená oddanosť svojmu mužovi (pánovi). Spoločenská eliminácia ženy však neeliminovala prirodzené pudy Izraelitov, a tak biblia pánsku časť vyvoleného národa nabáda k maximálnej opatrnosti a vyhýbaniu pred "ženským nebezpečenstvom". Z neznámych (či známych?) príčin sa však biblia (napriek viacerým uvedeným "faktom") vyhla logickej analýze, kto je vlastne tým "slabším pohlavím"...?

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