Záchvaty paniky – kedy sú normálne a kedy už máte problém?

Je normálne, ak vás občas pochytí panika. Čo však robiť vtedy, ak sa tieto stavy opakujú? Dokonca bez príčiny. Kedy už ide o panický atak či poruchu? V článku sa dočítate všetky dôležité informácie a aj riešenia na spomínaný stav.

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Občasný záchvat paniky a panická porucha sú dve rozdielne veci

„Keď mi známi len tak, v rámci bežnej konverzácie, povedia, že ich chytil panický záchvat, pretože stratili kľúče od bytu, zabudli mobil v reštaurácii, zmeškali dôležité pracovné stretnutie, alebo ich dieťa skoro vybehlo na cestu plnú áut, v duchu sa usmievam. V skutočnosti ich len chytila panika, moment úzkosti a mali na to jasný dôvod. Záchvaty paniky a úzkosti vyzerajú úplne inak. O tom by som im zase mohla rozprávať ja. Určite by sa neusmievali, ani v duchu. Ataky úzkosti prichádzajú nečakane a často bezdôvodne,“ hovorí Jana.

Panická porucha je pomerne častým psychickým ochorením, ktoré je charakterizované opakovaným výskytom náhlych záchvatov silnej úzkosti spojenej s množstvom fyzických a psychických príznakov.

Občasné záchvaty paniky, ktoré však majú jasnú príčinu, ešte nenaznačujú, že trpíte panickou poruchou. Ak ste zmeškali dôležitú schôdzku alebo sa dôkladne nepripravili do práce či školy, je pochopiteľné, že pociťujete obavy, ktoré môžu sprevádzať určité somatické príznaky. Panický záchvat  však prichádza bez akejkoľvek zjavnej príčiny, aj keď ste na prvý pohľad fyzicky aj psychicky v poriadku.

Ako teda rozlíšite, že ide o bežný nával úzkosti alebo už má vaše duševné zdravie problém?

Stav podobný infarktu ako symptóm panického ataku

„Po prvom panickom záchvate som skončila na pohotovosti. Skutočne som si myslela, že mám infarkt. Predtým som už zopár stavov úzkosti zažila, no vždy boli podmienené určitou fóbiou, na ktorú moja myseľ reagovala. Panický atak udrel nečakane. Večer som sedela v obývačke a sledovala televíziu. Zrazu mi začalo silno búšiť srdce, oblieval ma pot a súčasne som sa triasla od zimy. Brneli mi ruky a nemohla som sa nadýchnuť. Vrcholom všetkého bol pocit, keď som akoby vystúpila zo svojho tela a situáciu sledovala ako cudzia osoba. Nemala som nad ničím kontrolu. Manžel mi zavolal záchranku, pretože sme si mysleli, že mám infarkt. Po niekoľkých minútach príznaky odzneli. Bola som vyčerpaná, ale šťastná, že to skončilo. O tri dni sa to však zopakovalo znova,“ rozpráva Jana ďalej.

Opakované panické záchvaty trápia až 3 až 5 % populácie. Prvé ataky sa môžu objaviť už v dospievaní, rannej dospelosti alebo neskôr okolo 50. roku života. Ochorením trpia dvakrát častejšie ženy ako muži. Panická porucha je označovaná ako choroba štvoriek. Je diagnostikovaná v prípade, že sa počas 4 týždňov prejavia minimálne 4 panické ataky a vykazujú aspoň 4 z nižšie uvedených dvanástich príznakov. Vo veľmi ťažkých stavoch sa vyskytujú aj štyri panické ataky za týždeň. Môžu trvať od niekoľkých minút až do pol hodiny. Potom príznaky postupne slabnú a ustupujú aj bez podania liečby.

1. Búšenie srdca s možnou tachykardiou.

2. Nadmerné potenie.

3. Tras a chvenie tela.

4. Sťažené dýchanie alebo naopak zrýchlenie dychu.

5. Pocit, že sa nemôžete nadýchnuť a dusíte sa.

6. Bolesť alebo nepríjemný pocit na hrudi a v oblasti srdca.

7. Nevoľnosť, kŕče v bruchu.

8. Závraty, pocit na odpadnutie, neistota v priestore.

9. Brnenie v rukách a nohách.

10. Návaly horúčavy alebo naopak zimnica.

11. Zmenené vnímanie okolia, máte pocit, že to čo sa okolo vás deje nie je reálne.

12. Zmenené vnímanie seba samého, pocit depersonalizácie, máte pocit akoby ste sa len prizerali tomu, čo prežívate.

Problém, ktorý nemá príčinu

„Myslím si, že moje ochorenie spustilo viac citovo vyčerpávajúcich udalostí, ktoré sa odohrali v relatívne krátkom čase. Obe deti odišli študovať do zahraničia, stratila som prácu s neistou vyhliadkou nájsť si inú a do toho mi zomrela mama, ktorá bojovala s ťažkou chorobou. Pripadala som si opustená. Často som sa bála, aj napriek tomu, že manžel sa snažil byť mi nápomocný,“ pokračuje Jana.

Presná príčina panickej poruchy nie je známa. Odborníci sa zhodujú, že ide o akúsi súhru fyzických a psychických faktorov, pričom spúšťačom môže byť traumatizujúca udalosť.

Úlohu zohráva aj genetická predispozícia. Ak máte v rodine niekoho s psychickými problémami, medzi ktoré nemusí nutne patriť panická porucha, ale napríklad aj depresie či rôzne fóbie, je zvýšený predpoklad, že sa panická porucha u vás rozvinie.

Okrem toho môže panické ataky zapríčiniť nerovnováha určitých látok v mozgu, tendencia vidieť vo všetkom len to najhoršie či rôzne fóbie, ktorými trpí veľa ľudí. Problémom býva, že panická porucha predchádzajúci stav ešte zhoršuje, pretože sa rozvíja pridružený anticipačný strach. Tým, že sú záchvaty paniky a úzkosti nepredvídateľné, zvyšuje to u pacientov obavy z ich návratu. Práve preto sa ľudia trpiaci týmto ochorením začnú vyhýbať predpokladaným miestam, situáciám a ľuďom, ktoré by mohli spustiť ďalší panický atak. Hlavne pri neliečenej panickej poruche sa časom môže rozvinúť agorafóbia – strach zo samotného panického ataku a miesta, kde by pacientovi nemohla byť poskytnutá pomoc

Riešením sú medikamenty aj psychoterapia

„Momentálne vediem úplne normálny osobný a dokonca pracovný život. Lekár mi znížil dávky antidepresív a chodím na pravidelné sedenia ku psychológovi. Ak sa predsa len z času na čas panický atak prihlási, snažím sa myslieť pozitívne a opakujem si, že to nie je nič nebezpečné, čo o chvíľu prejde. Veľmi pomaly a zhlboka dýcham. Okrem toho som začala cvičiť jogu a viac relaxovať,“ zakončuje Jana.

Pri panickom záchvate dochádza často k prelínaniu fyzických a psychických príznakov, a preto je diagnostika ochorenia ťažšia. Mnohí ľudia hľadajú pomoc u svojho praktického lekára. Ataky paniky totiž môžu symptomaticky pripomínať napríklad infarkt, epilepsiu alebo astmu. Najmä tým, že prichádzajú často a bez zjavnej príčiny.

V súčasnosti, keď duševné zdravie nie je takým tabu ako to bývalo v minulosti, sú diagnostika a liečba o niečo jednoduchšia. Lekári medzi sebou dokážu jednoduchšie komunikovať aj medzi jednotlivými odbormi a odoslať pacienta na odborné psychiatrické či psychologické vyšetrenie včas.

Zvládaniu ťažkých stavov pomáhajú najmä antidepresíva. Pre dosiahnutie želaného výsledku je vhodné ich užívať dlhodobejšie, prejaví sa totiž až po niekoľkých týždňoch.  Vždy ich užívajte pod dohľadom psychiatra. Lieky nikdy nevysaďte sami, ani si neupravujte dávkovanie. Predčasným vysadením medikamentóznej liečby sa môžu panické ataky vrátiť a ochorenie sa zhorší. V akútnej fáze ochorenia sú pacientom predpisované benzodiazepíny. Sú to utišujúce lieky, ktoré zaberajú v prípade akútneho panického ataku okamžite.

Vhodnou a odporúčanou liečbou panickej poruchy je okrem liekov aj psychoterapia. Úspešne sa využíva kognitívno-behaviorálna terapia alebo psychodynamická psychoterapia. Naučia vás čeliť vašim fóbiám a konať v bežných životných situáciách samostatnejšie a sebavedomejšie. Základným odporúčaním je však vyhľadať odbornú pomoc už pri prvých opakovaných záchvatoch paniky a úzkosti.

Panická porucha je liečiteľné ochorenie. Napriek tomu, že liečba je zdĺhavejšia, v spolupráci s psychológom či psychiatrom určite dosiahnete, aby ste dokázali žiť bez nepríjemných stavov paniky a úzkosti.


Zdroje:

Panická porucha – Neuropsychiatrický profil, prof. MUDr. Peter Kukumberg, PhD., Česká a slovenská neurochirurgie, 1/2007

Liga za duševné zdravie

Skica panickej poruchy, prof. MUDr. Peter Kukumberg, PhD., Neurologie pro praxi, 6/2003

Panická porucha, MUDr. Petr Šilhán a kol., Medicína pro praxi, 9/2012

2 komentárov

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