Nová sezóna kliešťov klope na dvere

Prichádzajúce jarné dni sú priam stvorené na výlety do lesov, prechádzky po lúkach, či relax v parkoch. Je to zároveň obdobie, kedy sa v prírode začínajú vyskytovať kliešte. Už samotné zistenie, že máme prisatého kliešťa, je pre väčšinu z nás nepríjemné.

klieste_pixabay

Skutočný problém nastáva vtedy, keď kliešť, ktorý sa nám prichytil na tele, bol infikovaný vírusom kliešťovej encefalitídy. Európske štatistiky uvádzajú, že približne 2 % kliešťov sú nositeľmi tohto závažného ochorenia, avšak reálne údaje o ich premorenosti na Slovensku nie sú známe. Faktom však je, že počet chorých sa u nás z roka na rok zvyšuje.

Najrozšírenejším druhom na území Slovenska je kliešť obyčajný (Ixodes ricinus) – väčšina kliešťov odobratých z ľudí je práve tento druh. Druhým často odoberaným druhom je pijak lužný (Dermacentor reticulatus). Okrem týchto druhov človeka a domáce zvieratá môžu atakovať aj napr. pijak stepný (D. marginatus), alebo kliešť lužný (Haemaphysalis concinna).

Kliešťová encefalitída je zápalové ochorenie mozgu a mozgových blán, spôsobené vírusom. K prenosu infekcie dochádza prostredníctvom prisatého kliešťa alebo konzumáciou tepelne neupraveného mlieka a mliečnych výrobkov od zvierat, ktoré boli nakazené kliešťovou encefalitídou. Závažnosť ochorenia spočíva najmä v jeho priebehu a  možných následkoch. Charakteristický je dvojfázový priebeh, pričom prvá fáza pripomína skôr chrípkua po nej sa zvyčajne dostaví relatívne bezpríznakové obdobie. Druhá fáza je omnoho ťažšia, sprevádzajú ju vysoké horúčky, silné bolesti hlavy, závraty, nevoľnosť, svetloplachosť, poruchy koncentrácie, poruchy reči, poruchy pamäti,  poruchy rovnováhy, paralýza, dokonca môže nastať aj smrť.Rekonvalescencia býva zdĺhavá a niektoré následky môžu pretrvávať po zvyšok života.

Rovnako je dôležité nepodceňovať pohyb v mestách. Pokiaľ to prírodné a klimatické podmienky umožňujú, kliešť prežije aj v mestských parkoch a na sídliskách.Ďalším rizikovým faktorom je cestovanie, a to najmä do susedných krajín ako Česká republika alebo Rakúsko. Obe krajiny zaznamenali výrazný nárast výskytu ochorení za minulý rok, a to aj napriek tomu, že zaočkovanosť v týchto krajinách je mnohonásobne vyššia než na Slovensku.

Liečba

Špecifický liek na kliešťovú encefalitídu neexistuje.V prípade, že ochorenie prepukne, lekári zmierňujú a liečia len jednotlivé symptómy, ktoré sa u pacientov môžu líšiť. Náročný priebeh liečby, dĺžka jej trvania a prípadné trvalé následky výrazne ovplyvňujú kvalitu života chorého. Kliešťová encefalitída však patrí medzi preventabilné ochorenia, čo znamená, že jej môžeme predchádzať. Jedinou účinnou formou prevencie je očkovanie, ktoré je bezpečné a spoľahlivé. Očkovacia látka je overená dlhodobou praxou a poskytuje až 99 % účinnosť.

K zvýšeniu povedomia o kliešťovej encefalitíde prispieva aj webová stránka www.kliest.sk

Zdroj foto: Pixabay

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