Čo ste možno nevedeli o vzniku Svetových výstav

Tento roku je tomu už 165 rokov od usporiadania prvej Svetovej výstavy v Londýne, ktorá si zobrala za svoje motto „ Zem patrí Bohu, tak ako všetko, čo na nej existuje“. Prečítajte si ako vznikli a čo priniesli ľudstvu.

04

Ešte pred vznikom nového fenoménu Svetovej výstavy, jednotlivé štáty organizovali rôzne výstavy vo svojich krajinách, na ktorých prezentovali svoju vyspelosť. Nespĺňali ale neskoršiu filozofiu a myšlienky novodobého priemyselného výstavníctva. Stále sa polemizuje odkiaľ prišiel nápad vystavovať priemysel. Prevládajú dva názory na ich pôvod, jeden sa prikláňa k Anglicku, druhý k Francúzsku.

Londýn 1851
Každopádne ide o skutočnosť 19.storočia, ktorej predchádzal vznik a rozvoj priemyslu a priemyslových výrobkov. Preto môžeme hovoriť, že prvá skutočná priemyselná výstava sa predstavila v roku 1851 v Londýne. Jej hlavným ideovým vodcom bol manžel kráľovnej Viktórie, princ Albert.

Výstavu umiestnili do nezvyčajného priestoru Krištáľového paláca, ktorý meral na dĺžku 500 metrov a postavený bol do výšky, ktorá umožnila umiestnenie veľkých stromov. Najväčším lákadlom výstavy bol parný stroj – pýcha strojárenstva a výrobky, na zlepšenie každodenného života, predovšetkým pre nižšie vrstvy. Bezkonkurenčne sem patril objav hliníka, z ktorého sa vyrábal lacný jedálensky príbor, ktorý sa tam prvýkrát predstavil a plynový sporák. Veľký záujem návštevníkov z celého sveta o výstavu, umožnil aj vznik špecializovaných cestovných kancelárii.

Vplyv politických zmien na výstavy
Okrem pozitívnej propagácie vyspelosti zúčastnených krajín, výstavy sa snažili o skvalitnenie života svojich obyvateľov. Mnohokrát však účasť ovplyvňovali aj zahranično-poltické udalosti tej doby. Konflikt medzi Francúzskom a Pruskom poznamenal Svetovú výstavu v Paríži v roku 1855, ktorá niesla motto Štyridsať rokov mieru v Európe. Iróniou osudu je, že nemecký politik Otto von Bismarck, predstaviteľ myšlienky zjednoteného nemeckého národa, odmietol z politických dôvodov účasť na výstave v Paríži. Politicko-zahraničnej sabotáže sa dopustilo Nemecko aj v roku 1939-1940 v období, kedy sa Európa ocitla vo vojne. Nemecko zašlo až tak ďaleko, že prikázalo obsadeným krajinám, aby zrušili svoje výstavné pavilóny. Týkalo sa to aj našej republiky Česko – Slovenska, ktoré bolo prihlásené do New Yorku ešte pred vojnou. Vďaka americkej zdržanlivosti, ktorá nechala československých zástupcov aby sa sami rozhodli; vtedajšie Česko-Slovensko sa mohlo podieľať na svetovej výstave v New Yorku. V prvom roku konania sa výstava držala motta Vytvorenie sveta zajtrajškov, v druhom roku konania sa zmenilo pôvodné heslo na Mier a sloboda.

Pre druhú polovicu 20.storočia je typické duálne rozdelenie sveta na kapitalistický a socialistický systém. Prebieha súperenie medzi oboma systémami aj na svetových výstavách. Pre našu republiku boli výnimočné a úspešné dve výstavy v Bruseli (1958) - Bilancia sveta pre svet ľudskejšia, kde získal náš pavilón najvyššiu cenu. Svetová výstava v Montreále (1967)Človek a jeho svet – Zem ľudí, sa stala najviac navštevovanou výstavou vo svojej histórii. Československý pavilón bol piaty v poradí v navštevnosti, úspech zožal Třebechovický betlehém a oltár Majstra Pavla z Levoče, či tapiséria vytvorená špeciálnou technikou art protis. Úsmevne je, že za úspechmi komunistického Československa stáli hlavne prvorepublikoví odborníci.

Svetové výstavy v 20.storočí
Prepojenie techniky a atrakcií sa podarilo na výstave v Paríži (1900) vďaka Eiffelovi, ktorá odzrkadľovala úspechy európskej civilizácie v 19.storočí. Návštevníci na prelome milénia sa kochali Eiffelovou vežou, atrakciou svetovej výstavy z roku 1889, ktorá sa niesla v duchu Stého výročia dobytia bastily, počiatku Veľkej francúzskej revolúcie. Návštevníci si museli vybrať, ktorú z expozícii majú záujem navštíviť, pretože nebolo v ľudských schopnostiach spoznať za týždeň všetky pavilóny. Najatraktívnejšie sa stali technické atrakcie ako osvetľovanie pavilónu, exotické pavilóny, o ktoré sa postarali hlavne koloniálne veľmoci – Británia a Francúzsko. Prezentovali folklór domáceho obyvateľstva a kultúru. Populárne u návštevníkov boli aj pavilóny s prezentáciou spôsobov života obyvateľov krajín či stravovacie zvyklosti. Ešte pred rozpadom Rakúska-Uhorska, mala monarchia až štyri pavilóny s výstavami Rakúska, Uhorského kráľovstva, Bosny a Hercegoviny. Celý parížsky Rakúsko-Uhorský pavilón v roku 1900 vyzdobil Alfons Mucha.

V 20.storočí dochádza k zásadným premenám v organizácii výstav. V roku 1928 vzniká v Paríži úrad pre svetové výstavy a sním aj kategorizácia výstav. Obmedzil sa tak chaos pri organizácii a nastolil sa poriadok.

13 komentárov

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