Všetky tajomstvá AWD-i – ako funguje inovatívny pohon Toyoty

Čo má spoločné mestský Yaris Cross so 7-miestnym Highlanderom? Toyota v oboch autách využíva svoj inovatívny pohon všetkých kolies AWD-i. Ako funguje a v ktorých modeloch ho nájdete?

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Za dlhé roky si Toyota vybudovala vynikajúce meno ako výrobca terénnych vozidiel. Modely Hilux a Land Cruiser, ktoré sa vyrábajú a predávajú dodnes, sú jednými z posledných skutočných off-roadov s konštrukciou založenou na ráme a so stálym, mechanickým pohonom všetkých štyroch kolies. Japonský výrobca si uvedomuje, aké výhody plynú z pohonu všetkých kolies, preto sa už roky snaží ponúkať takéto riešenie v čo najväčšom počte modelov. Pre hybridné automobily bol vyvinutý koncept pohonu s pomocou elektromotora zadnej nápravy a základom tejto technológie je možnosť jej využitia v automobiloch takmer všetkých segmentov. Toto riešenie dostalo názov AWD-i, čiže All Wheel Drive – intelligent, teda inteligentný pohon všetkých kolies.

Princípom pohonu AWD-i je, že hybridný model využíva elektromotor na zadnej náprave. To je ten najväčší rozdiel oproti klasickým terénnym autám – nie je tu permanentné spojenie medzi nápravami, hnacím hriadeľom či rozdeľovacou skriňou s reduktorom. Je to počítač, ktorý na základe bleskurýchlych dátových analýz rozhoduje o rozdelení výkonu medzi predné a zadné kolesá.

Aké sú jeho výhody?

Možnosť využitia pohonu AWD-i v mnohých modeloch Toyoty umožňuje architektúra TNGA. Medzi jej najdôležitejšie prednosti patria nízke ťažisko, vysoká tuhosť karosérie a jednoduchosť umiestnenia jednotlivých komponentov hybridného systému. A takisto aj možnosť pridania pohonu všetkých štyroch kolies.

V autách značky Toyota s pohonom  AWD-i je hybridný systém prednej nápravy, ktorý pozostáva z benzínového motora, elektromotora a generátora, ktorý dobíja trakčnú batériu. Zadnú nápravu poháňa tretí elektromotor. Prevádzku všetkých zariadení riadi jednotka riadenia energie PCU cez hybridnú prevodovku a menič. Práve tá umožňuje použitie výkonnejších elektromotorov pri zachovaní rovnakého výkonu a kapacity batérie. Toto je tajomstvo výkonu hybridných vozdiel Toyota v elektrickom režime. V konečnom dôsledku to znamená spotrebu paliva podobnú ako pri verzii s výlučne predným pohonom. Ako je to možné? Keď je auto v pohybe, je poháňaná predovšetkým predná náprava. Zadné kolesá vstupujú do akcie len vtedy, keď je to potrebné. Keď systém zaznamená stratu priľnavosti, rozhodne, že na stúpanie do kopca je potrebný väčší výkon, alebo či  sa budeme pohybovať po povrchu so zníženou priľnavosťou mimo hlavnej cesty.

Pohon AWD-i znamená aj prídavné jazdné režimy určené na pohyb v náročnejších podmienkach, ako je jazda na snehu alebo v teréne. Navyše, vozidlá s týmto pohonom sú vybavené aj asistenčným systémom pri jazde z kopca. Ďalšou výhodou je, že vďaka kompaktnej veľkosti AWD-i zostáva batožinový priestor veľký a funkčný.

Od mestského crossoveru po 7-miestne SUV

Pohon AWD-i je dostupný v celom rade hybridných SUV a crossoverov značky Toyota. Najmenším automobilom s týmto pohonom je Toyota Yaris Cross. Hybridný pohon je v tomto prípade založený na motore 1,5 z radu Dynamic Force, ktorý produkuje výkon 116 koní. Jeho priemerná spotreba paliva sa pohybuje od 4,7 l/100 km, čo z neho robí najhospodárnejšie SUV v rade Toyota.

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O čosi väčším autom ako Yaris Cross je Corolla Cross, ktorá debutovala v roku 2022. Takéto auto dovtedy v ponuke Toyoty chýbalo. Model využíva nielen pohon AWD-i, ale aj premiérový hybridný pohon piatej generácie, ktorý je okrem iného efektívnejší vďaka použitiu výkonnejších a ľahších lítium-iónových batérií, ako aj vylepšeniam ostatných komponentov. Okrem toho disponuje zadným elektromotorom s výkonom až 40 koní.

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Pohon AWD-i debutoval v  modeli Toyota RAV4 v kombinácii s dvoma typmi hybridných systémov. Prvou možnosťou je full hybrid, v ktorom má pohon s 2,5-litrovým motorom z rady Dynamic Force celkový výkon 222 koní. Zrýchlenie z 0 na 100 km/h je 8,1 sekundy a priemerná spotreba paliva od 5,6 l/100 km. Auto je teraz dostupné v novej verzii Adventure s ešte terénnejším charakterom. Druhým variantom pohonu so systémom AWD-i je plug-in hybrid. Jeho výkon je 306 koní, zrýchlenie z nuly na zadný elektromotor s výkonom 54 koní a objemná batéria vám umožnia cestovať až 75 km v elektrickom režime s nulovými emisiami.

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Toyota Highlander je najväčšie auto v rade, ktoré využíva pohon AWD-i. Vďaka hybridnému systému s celkovým výkonom 248 koní zrýchli auto z 0 na 100 km/h za 8,3 sekundy a priemerná spotreba paliva je od 6,6 l/100 km. Highlander s päťmetrovou karosériou ponúka miesto pre sedem osôb a batožinový priestor 1 909 litrov. Navyše je schopný ťahať príves s hmotnosťou až dve tony. Niet divu, že aj tento model sa veľmi rýchlo stal populárnym.

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Zdroj foto: Toyota

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    based on.
    In phrases of blasting and cruising, you’d generally use Winstrol for fat loss on a blast and Anavar
    for muscle preservation on a cruise. One of the primary drawbacks of utilizing Winstrol is that it's more durable on the joints than Anavar, however Anavar costs more to buy.
    In conclusion, both Anavar and Winstrol are effective steroids for chopping cycles.
    Anavar is best for individuals who need to preserve lean muscle
    mass whereas burning fats, while Winstrol is healthier for
    individuals who want to enhance muscle definition and burn fat.


    By following these guidelines, you probably can have a successful Winstrol cycle.
    Analysis within the Journal of Endocrinology reveals that Anavar increases
    bone density in girls affected by osteoporosis. Clenbutrol (yes, a small difference) goes
    to be the subsequent smartest thing for you to attain for
    if you’re looking to lose some extra weight. Fats loss from clenbuterol happens fast and thus outcomes will begin to present inside 1-2 weeks of consumption. A well-known model right here is
    Azolol (oral Stanozolol), made by British Dispensary, a Thai-based pharmaceutical and cosmetics firm.

    I cycle off and on for many years, and I’ve seen lots of people get messed up
    from utilizing them. Due To This Fact, Proviron is normally
    a helpful medicine for those looking to enhance their testosterone levels or decrease their estrogen ranges.
    When utilized in a non-medical context, Anavar can be a hazardous drug with
    probably fatal outcomes. Supplementing with TUDCA can offer some safety to the liver when taking Anavar,
    with a dosage of 500 mg/day being effective (3). Often, Anavar
    will flush out extracellular water and shuttle fluid contained in the muscle.

    While liver toxicity is a big concern with Winstrol, a fair
    larger area of concern could be related to your cardiovascular health.
    Extra particularly, what Winstrol can potentially do to
    your cholesterol levels is to not be ignored.
    There’s no method around the fact that Winstrol goes to suppress your pure testosterone production.
    Nevertheless, for finest results, it is suggested that you simply use Winstrol for no less than two months.

    Regardless of the path you select, we at SteroidInBodybuilding
    never advocate or advocate the use of steroids. One of the main variations between Winstrol and Anavar is their chemical construction. Winstrol
    is a by-product of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), whereas Anavar
    is a spinoff of testosterone. This difference in chemical structure can lead
    to differences in their potency, unwanted facet effects, and total
    effectiveness. In essence, Anavar's advantages transcend mere aesthetics, contributing to each bodily efficiency and well being.

  • Komentár what are the disadvantages and side effects of cortisone injections? %PM, %13 %927 %2025 %21:%apr napísal what are the disadvantages and side effects of cortisone injections?

    Anavar could negatively influence lipid profiles by lowering HDL (good cholesterol) and elevating LDL (bad cholesterol).

    This imbalance can contribute to cardiovascular threat, notably in individuals with current ldl cholesterol considerations.
    A heart-healthy food regimen, common cardiovascular train, and constant monitoring might help
    mitigate these results (Glazer, Medical Science in Sports and Exercise).
    A clinical-strength nighttime method for testosterone help, deep sleep,
    and hormonal recovery. 20–40 mg/day for 4–6 weeksBlocks estrogen receptors and supports HPTA operate through the restoration phase.
    Whether you’re a seasoned competitor or simply exploring the
    world of fitness, understanding Anavar's unique benefits can help you make knowledgeable selections on your journey to peak performance.

    When taken accurately, Anavar can provide a range of benefits, primarily centered on muscle
    development, strength enhancement, and fats loss.
    Many individuals choose Anavar above different
    anabolic steroids as a outcome of it doesn’t trigger vital water retention,
    resulting in a leaner, extra defined appearance. For the female athlete we
    are in a position to make an exception as this is normally a fairly first rate bulking agent;
    as you recall women are more sensitive to the hormone. No,
    it'll more than doubtless not put on piles of lean tissue
    however it can with enough energy current within the food plan deliver about
    a nice lean tissue acquire. Additional, as water weight is of no concern with this steroid every last pound of tissue gained shall be that of
    one hundred pc pure lean muscle mass.
    A balanced diet and constant train may yield more pronounced benefits compared
    to a sedentary lifestyle. Pre-existing well being situations can modulate Anavar’s influence,
    necessitating a personalised approach. Anavar influences fat distribution, leading to a extra aesthetically
    pleasing physique. Unlike some anabolic brokers, Anavar targets fats discount in particular areas
    like the abdomen and waist, enhancing physique contours.


    It can take a number of months on your testosterone to recuperate its regular operate after ending an Anavar cycle.

    Ready for this to naturally occur is not an choice as a result of
    low testosterone is significantly debilitating. Signs may be
    widespread and serious and can embody fatigue, depression,
    low libido, loss of muscle, and fat acquire, to
    call just a few. Aspect results caused by rising estrogen levels come about when a steroid causes the conversion of
    testosterone into estrogen (also referred to as aromatization).

    One of probably the most interesting issues about Anavar is that it does NOT aromatize and,
    due to this fact, doesn't cause estrogenic unwanted effects.
    Improvement of acne and oily skin are the opposite androgenic side effects to watch out for.

    Anavar is a DHT spinoff, which means that it will not be
    transformed by 5α-reductase (5 Alpha Reductase) nor will it convert
    into Estrogen by way of Aromatase. Yes, Anavar enhances fats metabolism and helps keep muscle whereas in a calorie deficit.
    However, a proper food plan and train routine are essential for the most effective results.
    If you experience any of these unwanted effects
    while utilizing Anavar, you will want to search
    medical consideration immediately.
    Girls sometimes do not require PCT however should monitor hormonal balance post-cycle.
    We’ve compiled the knowledge and experience
    of ourentire team to create these three Free E-books that can helpyou
    lose fat and re-build your physique from the bottom up.
    Another issue to focus on that appears to be widespread with Anavar
    tablets is nausea, vomiting, and stomach cramps, based on the MedlinePlus
    [11]. These can even lengthen to flu-like signs and appear to be correlated with taking larger doses.
    Anavar will predominantly impact the expansion of
    human tissue like muscle tissue and bones, based on the MedlinePlus [4].

    We should observe that clitoral enlargement and deepening of the voice are unwanted effects that may
    become permanent. If you are chopping and you are eating a calorie surplus food plan –
    we advocate starting with 50mg of Anavar per day.
    For occasion, in case you are chopping and you're eating a calorie-deficient diet – we advocate starting with 20mg of Anavar per day.

    If you might be an experienced consumer and
    you weigh 200 lbs, we suggest beginning with 100mg of Anavar per day.

    If you're a newbie, we advocate starting at the lower finish of the dosage range
    (20mg). If you're an skilled person, you can start on the
    higher finish of the dosage range (50mg).
    Another reason this has been such a successful drug is that it has been proven to be much less
    poisonous for the liver [3]. Nevertheless, most research have checked out short-term use, and folks have assumed that much less toxic
    means that it won't lead to liver failure in any respect.
    Different drugs may work together with oxandrolone, together with
    prescription and over-the-counter medicines, nutritional vitamins,
    and herbal products. Inform every of your well being care providers about all medicines you use now and
    any medicine you start or cease utilizing. Oxandrolone will not improve athletic performance and shouldn't be
    used for that objective. Do not take this drugs in larger or smaller quantities or for longer
    than beneficial.
    By enhancing nitrogen retention, Anavar creates an setting conducive to muscle growth and preservation. As talked about in the part about buying Anavar, this drug
    is unlawful with no prescription in most locations.
    This contains the Usa, the place oxandrolone
    is classed as a Schedule III drug as part of the
    Controlled Substances Act (CSA). This implies that easy possession of Anavar drugs could end
    in up to a $250,000 fantastic and three years in jail.
    Nonetheless, it should be mentioned that any penalty this harsh is extremely unlikely.
    There might be a number of explanations for this,
    together with that oxandrolone isn't a preferred PED amongst professional athletes as a result of intense workout pumps that it can cause.

    Or, it's also attainable that the quick Anavar half
    life permits athletes to shortly pass the drug by way of their system
    without being caught.
    This testosterone-suppressing impact however is more doubtless
    to be mild, with endogenous testosterone levels often recovering in a matter of weeks or a few months.
    Anavar is a comparatively mild steroid, compared to other AAS corresponding to trenbolone or anadrol.

    Nevertheless, anavar’s a banned substance and is towards the law to purchase
    in lots of international locations – without a prescription (including US and
    UK).

  • Komentár Akrs.Ae %AM, %13 %110 %2025 %01:%apr napísal Akrs.Ae

    Anavar is a steroid used to gain muscle mass, power, and performance enhancement.
    Finasteride and other medications generally used to inhibit
    hair loss shall be ineffective on Winstrol, as it’s
    not a substrate for the 5α–reductase enzyme.
    In short, Winstrol doesn’t convert testosterone to DHT, as Winstrol itself is already a spinoff of DHT; thus, blocking such a conversion is futile.
    Bodybuilders under our care have had success supplementing with
    fish oil (4-5 g/day) and implementing common cardiovascular train to
    prevent blood stress ranges from rising excessively.
    Nevertheless, the chance of cardiac injury also can rely upon the person’s genetics and whether they're prone to heart illness.

    As your body fats share drops, your vascularity will enhance, permitting you
    to flaunt your onerous work to everybody you understand.
    When testosterone levels are excessive, there is all the time a direct correlation between increased power, dimension, and performance within the gym.
    Regardless Of its excessive cost on the market, Anavar is likely considered one of the most sought-after anabolic steroids currently available.
    Whereas working at Searle Laboratories, Raphael
    Pappo and Christopher J. Jung had been the first to synthesize oxandrolone.
    In 1962, the researchers published their first description of the medication. They were instantly intrigued by the fact that oxandrolone’s androgenic results had been quite
    insignificant compared to its anabolic benefits.
    Thus, it's imperative for customers with compromised livers to keep away from Anavar and other oral anabolic steroids.

    If a person requires Anavar for cachexia but has compromised hepatic operate, then injectable anabolic
    steroids could also be extra optimal. Long-term use of
    anabolic steroids can result in various well being issues,
    including liver injury, cardiovascular issues,
    and hormonal imbalances.
    Several potential unwanted aspect effects can occur when taking Anavar, particularly in feminine
    customers. This is as a result of the drug can scale back levels of testosterone, which might lead to erectile dysfunction. If
    you experience erectile dysfunction whereas taking Anavar,
    you should discuss to your physician about it. It’s essential
    to restrict the duration and dosage of Anavar use to scale back
    the chance of kidney damage. Common kidney perform exams should also be conducted
    whereas taking Anavar. As you might have observed on this website – we are sturdy advocates of pure
    bodybuilding and health.
    Anavar is nicely known as the only anabolic steroid girls can use
    with little to no risk of side effects – as long as
    doses don’t exceed 20mg per day. However, some other compounds are also used by females,
    including Winstrol and Primobolan, as well as
    the fat-burning compound Clenbuterol. Most women will use Anavar on its own in a cycle, but it's also typically
    stacked with a fat-burning compound called Clenbuterol (not an anabolic steroid).

    Clen has powerful fat-burning properties and
    adds an extra kick to a cutting or contest prep cycle for ladies
    without the concern of the unwanted side effects that a woman would expertise with other steroids.

    Utilizing Anavar at low to moderate doses is about as safe as it could get
    for anabolic steroid use. As with many other compounds,
    it's unknown for its severe side effects. However abuse Anavar past the
    really helpful usage patterns, and also you do set yourself up for an unsafe steroid expertise that
    may and can injury your health.
    Most people experience some extent of water retention with most steroid medicines, including Anavar and Winstrol.
    Dosage of the anticoagulant may should be decreased so as to maintain desired
    prothrombin time. Sufferers receiving oral anticoagulant
    remedy require close monitoring, especially when anabolic
    steroids are began or stopped.
    Anavar can additionally be used to treat muscle-wasting ailments, osteoporosis, and other medical situations that cause muscle loss.

    Anvarol is a legal steroid different that's designed to mimic the
    effects of Anavar without the dangerous side effects. Anvarol is great for cutting
    cycles and may help you to achieve a lean and toned physique.
    Another legal steroid alternative that can be used in place
    of Anavar is Winstrol. Winstrol is a strong steroid that's usually
    used by bodybuilders and athletes to increase strength and endurance.
    I am afraid there isn’t going to be much on this small chapter as Anavar is not perfect
    for bulking in males, however it can be carried out.
    The purpose it isn’t as a end result of it’s a
    relatively weak steroid so large doses are need of upwards of
    mg every day and for sustained periods of eight or so weeks, which implies toxicity will build.

    It can additionally be essential to stack your chosen steroid with other supplements,
    corresponding to creatine, to maximize its effectiveness.
    It is essential to grasp the effects and unwanted effects of Anavar before
    beginning to use it. If you resolve to make use of
    Anavar, make sure to observe the recommended dosage and cycle size to minimize the risk
    of adverse effects. We advocate to begin of by taking 5mg of
    Anavar per day for three to 4 weeks, and look how this anabolic steroid works out for you.

    Winstrol’s advantages are definitely tempting for the bodybuilder looking to
    get ripped, whether or not for beauty or aggressive purposes.
    We see injectable Winstrol take a little longer to kick in; nevertheless,
    as a outcome of its larger organic availability, the results by
    the end of the cycle can be barely more noticeable.
    Anti-estrogen drugs have an inhibitory impact on progesterone
    and thus could be taken if nipples begin to turn into
    puffy when on Winstrol.
    This helps to stop the opposed unwanted effects that may result from low testosterone manufacturing.
    It’s important to notice that extending cycles past 12 weeks could necessitate the addition of a testosterone base and the incorporation of liver
    help supplements to mitigate potential risks.
    In patients with already normal blood lipid ranges,
    the utilization of Anavar just isn't expected to induce cardiac-related side effects.
    A cautious approach, beginning with low doses and gradually growing based mostly on individual responses,
    is commonly recommended to mitigate the danger of unwanted effects.

    Oral Winstrol is still thought-about a relatively gentle steroid in comparison with most others.
    Still, most ladies will find that Anavar is extra well-tolerated when it comes to controlling
    the side effects. For girls who wish to use Winstrol, the oral
    form solely is recommended, and doses have to be saved very low to
    avoid virilization. It’s strongly really helpful that Anavar not
    be used for longer than eight weeks because of its potential to trigger stress to the liver as an oral steroid.

    ✔️ Minimal Estrogen Conversion (No Water Retention!) – Since Anavar doesn’t convert to estrogen, there’s no threat of bloating, gynecomastia (man boobs),
    or extra fat storage. ✔️ Enhances Nitrogen Retention—Nitrogen is a
    key muscle protein synthesis constructing block.
    The extra nitrogen your muscles retain, the larger their ability to get well and
    develop. John Mcdonald provides an overview of the side effects of Anavar (Oxandrolone) in athletes.

    While not quite the same, maybe assume "Kleenex" somewhat
    than "facial tissue".

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