História garáží

Garáže slúžia predovšetkým ako bezpečné miesto na zaparkovanie áut, čoraz častejšie v nich však ľudia skladujú aj bicykle, lyže a veci, ktoré by v dome či byte zbytočne zaberali miesto. Známe sú aj historky o úspešných hudobných zoskupeniach a svetoznámych spoločnostiach, ktoré uzreli svetlo sveta práve v garážach.

Málokto však vie, kedy a prečo sa táto časť domu stala jeho dôležitou súčasťou. Aká je teda história garáží?

História garáží sa začala písať asi pred stopäťdesiatimi rokmi, ich predchodcom bola stodola či stajňa. Ešte pred nástupom áut totiž ľudia najprv potrebovali niekde bezpečne odkladať koče a vozy. Tie boli často otvorené, drevené, a teda náchylnejšie na poškodenie za dažďa či mrazu. Veľký zlom nastal až s príchodom prvých automobilov. Majiteľom týchto motorizovaných kočov totiž prekážalo, ak ich autá, ktoré boli luxusom, smrdeli zvieracím pachom. Na prelome devätnásteho a dvadsiateho storočia sa preto stále častejšie začali objavovať stavby určené len pre autá.

Na začiatku 20. storočia ešte stavba nemala názov

Garážam sa začalo dariť najmä v Spojených štátoch. Hoci začiatkom 20. storočia sa im ešte stále nehovorilo garáž. Tento názov odvodený z francúzskeho garer (v preklade chrániť či poskytnúť prístrešok) zľudovel až postupom rokov. Práve 20. roky boli pre garáže istým spôsobom zlomové. V Spojených štátoch boli totiž prijaté zákony, vďaka ktorým došlo k výraznej modernizácii ciest a diaľnic. Výrazne tak stúpal počet áut a s tým aj garáží, sprvu najmä verejných, ktoré si ľudia mohli prenajať.

V medzivojnových rokoch si však majitelia áut čoraz častejšie stavali samostatné garáže na vlastných pozemkoch pri svojich domoch. „Garáže neboli súčasťou domu, majitelia áut sa ich preto snažili domom aspoň architektonicky či farebne prispôsobiť. Pevnou súčasťou domu sa začali stávať najmä v USA na prelome 40. a 50. rokov, na Slovensku o tomto trende môžeme hovoriť až od porevolučných rokov,“ uviedol Petr Přichystal zo spoločnosti Lomax, ktorá je výrobcom garážových brán.

Dôležitá bola aj veľkosť garáží, ktorá sa odvíjala od rozmerov vozidiel. Tie bývali spočiatku väčšie, postupom času však dochádzalo k ich zmenšovaniu. Ak však rodina mala viac áut, trend sa uberal opačným smerom. Dnes sa tak podľa Přichystala odporúčajú rozmery 3 x 6 metrov pre jedno auto. Okrem parkovania áut či motocyklov pritom tento priestor v súčasnosti slúži aj na iné účely. V našich končinách najčastejšie ako dielňa či ako sklad bicyklov či lyží. Objavujú sa však aj prípady, keď je garáž využívaná ako miestnosť navyše, napríklad na sledovanie televízie.

Úspechu elektrického ovládania sa vynálezca nedožil

Rýchlym vývojom a inováciami prešli aj garážové brány. Tie sa pôvodne stavali podobne ako brány stodôl. Dvojkrídlové dvere sa otvárali do strán a zvyčajne boli drevené. Toto riešenie však nebolo veľmi praktické a vyžadovalo dostatok priestoru v okolí garáže, postupne sa preto prešlo k výklopnému variantu. „Kedysi boli populárne plechové výklopné brány, ktoré si môžeme pamätať aj u nás. Na starých garážach ich uvidíme ešte aj dnes, záujem o ne však už skoro nie je, takže sa takmer nevyrábajú,“ upozorňuje Přichystal.

V Spojených štátoch v dvadsiatych rokoch dvadsiateho storočia experimentovali aj s rozdelením brán do sekcií a zasúvaním cez roh do jednej zo strán budovy. Najväčší ohlas mal však vynález C. G. Johnsona z roku 1921. Prišiel totiž so zasúvaním brány nad hlavu. Využil tak nielen priestor pod stropom, ale poskytol tým aj dokonalé riešenie najmä majiteľom malých garáží s nízkym stropom. „Typovo išlo o veľmi podobné riešenie ako majú súčasné sekčné typy brán, ktoré sú aj na Slovensku v súčasnosti najobľúbenejšie. Alternatívou je aj posuvný variant, keď brána zachádza do boku garáže,“ dodáva Petr Přichystal.

Stúpa záujem o netradičné materiály aj inteligentné riešenia

Aj materiály, z ktorých sa brány vyrábajú, sa postupne menia. Drevo používané na brány stodôl postupne nahradil plech, motív dreva však nevymizol. Začal sa totiž lisovať práve do plechu. „Keď sme s tým pred dvadsiatimi rokmi ako prvý v strednej Európe prichádzali, zvyšok trhu to považoval za nezmysel. Používatelia boli dovtedy zvyknutí na tri základné farby – bielu, modrú a čiernu. Vďaka imitácii dreva si však mohli zladiť vzhľad garáže s rámami okien, nakoniec to znamenalo trend trvajúci zhruba pätnásť rokov,“ spomína Přichystal. V súčasnosti sú podľa neho v kurze najmä odtiene sivej a antracitovej.

Postupným vývojom prešlo aj ovládanie garáží. V súčasnosti už štandardne dostane každý používateľ k bránam aj diaľkový ovládač. Úplne prvý elektrický ovládač pritom uzrel svetlo sveta už v roku 1926. Na svedomí ho mal už spomínaný Američan C. G. Johnson, rozmachu sa tento typ dočkal až v 70. rokoch. „Bolo to najmä v zámorí, v strednej Európe to bolo zhruba o dvadsať rokov neskôr. V súčasnosti je však možné diaľkové ovládanie posunúť ešte ďalej, a to pripojením garážových brán k systému takzvanej inteligentnej domácnosti. Tú tak môže používateľ v podstate celú ovládať napríklad pomocou smartfónu,“ uzatvára Přichystal.

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