Ako sa falšujú slávne obrazy a umelci? Tento chlapík vám to prezradí!

Napísal Milan Buno, knižný publicista 14. december 2024

Falšovateľ je fascinujúci a pútavý životopis, ktorý zaujme nielen milovníkov umenia, ale aj tých, čo do umenia veľmi nevidia. Chvíľami však zostanete nemo pozerať, čo všetko sa deje vo svete umenia, , ako sofistikovane sa falšovalo, čo všetko im prechádzalo...a kde všade môžu byť falzifikáty.

ikar_141224

Spýtajte sa sto ľudí, čo podľa nich robí falšovateľ. Deväťdesiatdeväť z nich vám odpovie: „Kopíruje obrazy.“
V skutočnosti je tá ich predstava na kilometre vzdialená od pravdy. Ak sa nad tým zamyslíte, prídete na dôvod, prečo je to tak. Žiadny seriózny falšovateľ predsa nemôže kopírovať obraz z jednoduchého dôvodu – lebo originál už existuje. Ak chcete dokázať, že ten alebo onen obraz je falzum, ukážete na originál v múzeu a poviete: „Tamto visí ten ozajstný.“
Ak sa naozaj chcete venovať falšovaniu, musíte vytvoriť niečo nové, čo dosiaľ neexistovalo, a vymyslieť dôvod, prečo to vzniklo.

Dozviete sa veľa zo zákulisia maľovania i maliarov – o Modiglianim, Picassovi, Dalím, či Chagallovi. Pobaví vás, ako Tony Tetro bratov Kaiserovcov, keď vytvoril vlastnú kópiu Matissa, potom našiel odbornú publikáciu, kde sa o ňom píše a dokonca sfalšoval jednu stranu z knihy: vyrezal ju a namiesto nej dal dokonalú kópiu, aj so „svojím“ obrazom Matissa, ktorý je údajne mimoriadne vzácny a drahý.

Tetro opisuje aj techniky falšovania – ako v Paríži nakúpil špeciálnu značku olejových farieb, ktoré používali Dalí či Picasso. Špeciálny papier na tlač a písacie potreby ideálne na certifikáty a doklady o pravosti. Na Montmartri objavil plátno a napínacie rámy na plánovanú kópiu Caravaggia. V Ríme zasa zohnal pigmenty, aké používali starí majstri.

Tetro priznáva, že dnes by mnohé falzifikáty – napríklad aj tie, čo kedysi urobil on – pravdepodobne neobstáli. Veda by väčšinu z nich zmietla zo stola. Použitím rádiokarbónovej metódy na určovanie veku a spektroskopickou analýzou odborníci vedia presne stanoviť, z ktorej bane pochádzajú použité pigmenty alebo odkiaľ ste získali tuš. S pomocou DNA a dendrochronológie určia, či drevo na podkladovej doske pochádza z Talianska, Poľska alebo Japonska.

Detailne popisuje, ako vytvoril na obraze Caravaggia praskliny – mimochodom, niekoľko dní dával na noc obraz do pece na pizzu, kde bolo 60 stupňov Celzia. Potom použil vrstvy špiny, sadzí a laku, aby dosiahol efekt starnutia a nedbalého zaobchádzania počas stáročí. Využíval zmes vody, ohorkov, prachu a peľu. Napokon naniesol jemnú vrstvu barokového laku, čiže zmes oleja, živice, terpentínu a včelieho vosku, akú by použil aj Caravaggio.

Jemu sa však páčilo vtedy vymýšľať zaujímavé spôsoby, aby umelecké dielo vyzeralo hodnoverne. Robilo mu radosť, keď odviedol perfektnú robotu, no nechával aj drobné náznaky, ktoré by odhalili len tí najuznávanejší odborníci.

Vypočujte si úryvok.
Z knihy číta Kamil Mikulčík:

Tonyho chytili po tom, čo uznávaný maliar Hiro Yamagata objavil v galérii v Beverly Hills na predaj falzifikát svojho vlastného obrazu. Následná policajná razia našla u Tetra 250 falzifikátov a obvinili ho zo sprisahania s obchodníkom s umením Markom Sawickim. Tetra obvinili zo 44 trestných činov.

Čo je dnes s Tonym Tetrom?
Okrem toho, že napísal s novinárom tento svoj fascinujúci životopis Falšovateľ, tak vyrába kópie a pastiše pre súkromných zberateľov. Všetky diela podpisuje vlastným menom, ako mu to prikázal súd. Jedna perlička - na obraze s názvom Mona Sabrina namaľoval portrét svojej vnučky ako Monu Lisu od Leonarda da Vinciho.

V knihe Falšovateľ Tetro spomína, ako bol na vrchole svojej slávy v reštaurácii Silvio, ktorú navštevovala smotánka a celebrity ako Sylvester Stallone, Jack Nicholson, či Kathleen Turnerová. Raz tam prišiel a šéf reštaurácie ho vrelo privítal, pričom Tetro si všimol pri vedľajšom stole Gena Hackmana a Clinta Eastwooda, ktorí sa snažili zistiť, kto to vlastne je. Zazrel, ako sa Hackman naklonil ku Eastwoodovi a spýtal sa ho: „Kto, do kelu, je ten chlapík?“

Z anglického originálu Con/Artist (Hachette, New York 2023) preložila Adriena Richterová.

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    Direct impact could cause harm as nicely — if you attempt to carry heavy weights
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    Anti-inflammatory medicine can even cause vomiting, constipation, and
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    Improper method in any sport is considered
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    To build up your shoulder energy, try out the "Blackburn" train. Simply like lateral raises, you’ll need
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    For a few of us, there's nothing better than placing heavy stuff overhead.

    There’s an inclination to shrug during this exercise, which inspires bad posture.
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    This holds true for the Military Press and the Dumbbell Overhead Press, which externally rotate the shoulders.

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