Elon Musk. Pútavý životopis o kontroverznom podnikateľovi

Napísal Milan Buno, knižný publicista 09. december 2023

Fascinujúci životný príbeh najkontroverznejšieho inovátora na svete. Vizionára, ktorý porušuje pravidlá a priviedol svet do éry elektrických vozidiel, súkromného výskumu vesmíru a umelej inteligencie. A tiež ovládol Twitter.

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Elon Musk od autora knihy Steve Jobs, Einstein, či Leonardo da Vinci. Skvelý životopisec Walter Isaacson.

„Každému, koho som urazil, chcem len povedať, že som prišiel s novou verziou elektromobilov a mám v pláne poslať ľudí na Mars vo vesmírnej lodi. Mysleli ste si, že zároveň budem pohodový, normálny chlapík?“ povedal Elon Musk v šou Saturday Night Live v roku 2021.

Táto kniha má všetko, čo čakáte od dobrého životopisu...napokon, má vyše 700 strán. Sú tam osobné tragédie, intímne záležitosti, ale najmä úspechy, výhry a pády geniálneho podnikateľa. Isaacson zozbieral množstvo faktov a zaujímavostí od Muskových obdivovateľov, rodiny a spolupracovníkov, ale aj od jeho kritikov. Fascinujúca kniha o veľkom americkom inovátorovi.

Začiatkom roka 2022 – po roku, ktorý sa niesol v znamení tridsaťjeden úspešných štartov rakiet spoločnosti SpaceX, predaja takmer milióna áut Tesla a toho, že sa stal najbohatším človekom na svete – sa Musk skľúčene vyjadril o svojom nutkaní vyvolávať drámy: „Musím zmeniť svoje myslenie, aby som nebol v krízovom režime, v ktorom som už asi štrnásť rokov alebo pravdepodobne väčšinu svojho života.“

Bola to smutná poznámka, nie novoročné predsavzatie. No už v čase, keď prišiel s týmto prísľubom do budúcnosti, tajne skupoval akcie Twitteru, najväčšieho svetového ihriska. V priebehu rokov, vždy keď sa ocitol na temnom mieste alebo sa cítil ohrozený, spomenul si na hrôzy, ktoré zažil, keď ho šikanovali na ihrisku. Teraz mal šancu stať sa jeho majiteľom.

„Elon Musk mi umožnil, aby som ho dva roky sledoval, pozval ma na svoje stretnutia, doprial mi desiatky rozhovorov a neskorých konverzácií, poskytol mi e-maily a textové správy a povzbudil svojich priateľov, kolegov, rodinných príslušníkov, nepriateľov a bývalé manželky, aby sa so mnou porozprávali. Nepožiadal ma o prečítanie tejto knihy pred jej vydaním ani ju nečítal či nijako ju neriadil,“ tvrdí autor Walter Isaacson.

Isaacsonov vyše 700-stranový životopis Elon Musk ide riadne do hĺbky, cítiť v nej autorovo majstrovstvo, vie vystihnúť podstatu, vytiahnuť zaujímavé momenty, dokáže ich podať...no možno až pričasto necháva priestor Muskovi, aby „predal“ svoju vlastnú predstavu. Svoje videnie a chápanie sveta.
Napriek tomu stojí táto biografia za prečítanie, či už máte radi Elona Muska, neznášate ho alebo je vám ukradnutý. Pretože je to príbeh neobyčajného muža so všetkým dobrý a zlým, čo v sebe ukrýva. Geniálneho chlapíka, ktorý veľa dokázal a ešte o ňom budeme počuť.

Walter Isaacson napísal životopisy Jennifer Doudnovej, Leonarda da Vinci, Steva Jobsa, Alberta Einsteina, Benjamina Franklina a Henryho Kissingera. Je tiež autorom knihy Inovátori a spoluautorom knihy The Wise Men.
Bol redaktorom časopisu Time, výkonným riaditeľom CNN a neziskovej organizácie Aspen Institute. V roku 2023 mu bolo udelené ocenenie National Humanities Medal.
Je profesorom na Tulanskej univerzite a žije so svojou manželkou v New Orleans.

 

12 komentárov

  • Komentár Https://Tandme.Co.Uk %AM, %21 %276 %2025 %05:%mar napísal Https://Tandme.Co.Uk

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    Of the 20 amino acids, there are nine that you should get from your diet since your body can not produce them.
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    Suggesting, the multi-ingredient supplement used within the investigation had results on anaerobic performance solely, which is similar
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    More analysis is needed regarding steady anaerobic running capability, critical velocity, and pre-workout
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    The PL was flavored maltodextrin, related in shade,
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    ready and administered both complement and placebo drinks for all subjects, utilizing the identical amount of water and
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  • Komentár Darrin %PM, %14 %008 %2025 %23:%mar napísal Darrin

    Expression of these genes has been linked to higher atrophy of fast-twitch fibers in limb immobilization51,
    which we also observed. However, elevated catabolic processes
    weren't accompanied by reduced Akt activation in distinction to different studies where Akt
    levels had been lower at 7 and 14 days of HS9,52.
    Biomarkers of protein synthesis were not significantly totally different, even though p70S6K phosphorylation elevated early in HS53
    followed by lowered activation at 7 days52. Future work evaluating downstream targets of p70s6k can be
    particularly informative. Taken collectively, these results recommend
    that at our study endpoint following two weeks of HS, muscle
    atrophy resulted from higher protein degradation quite than reduced protein synthesis9.

    Regardless Of yielding optimistic results in varied animal studies, MSTN inhibition has not improved human muscular perform.

    In order to outline a baseline for future research
    using Epi in people, we characterised the molecular signature of the above famous endpoints in young vs.
    old SkM. When comparing SkM protein ranges
    of younger vs. older cohorts important increases
    have been famous in myostatin and SA-β-Gal and reduces in follistatin, MyoD and myogenin. On the basis of the promising results derived from the effects of Epi
    remedy inmice, an initial, proof-of-concept examine was applied in humans.

    Following 7 days of Epitreatment, significant positive results have been observed in circulating follistatin/myostatin plasma ranges and grip energy.

    No correlations had been noticed between expression of proteins related
    to synthesis and TA mass. PINTA-745 (AMG-745) is a novel anti-myostatin peptibody (a myostatin-neutralizing peptide
    fused to a human IgG Fc domain) initially developed by Amgen. The mechanisms
    of FOR on skeletal muscle progress have not been utterly determined.
    Nonetheless, egg yolk incorporates macro- and micro-nutrients
    (lipid, minerals, nutritional vitamins, microRNAs, and more) that may modify
    pathways related to MPS or degradation [35, 36].
    Certainly, Sharp et al. [13] reported that
    12 weeks of FOR supplement increased LM and decreased protein degradation markers,
    growing mTOR signaling activity in trained young males.
    Also, Evans et al. [14] showed elevated MPS in older
    adults who consumed FOR for 21 days, regardless of no increase
    in LM.
    In 2004, Wyeth Prescribed Drugs (now owned by Pfizer) developed the monoclonal anti-MSTN antibody MYO-029, the primary MSTN inhibitor to enter clinical trials.
    MYO-029 binds to mature MSTN, thereby stopping its interplay with ActRIIA/B receptors.

    Muscle cells possess an innate mechanism to control their own progress, and at the center of this regulation stands myostatin. This protein acts as a pure limiter, stopping muscular tissues from reaching their full potential.
    But what if we might deactivate myostatin and pave the way for unparalleled
    muscle mass and strength? This tantalizing idea has captivated scientists worldwide,
    resulting in a relentless quest for myostatin inhibitors.
    In the muscles, extra blood flow means extra nutrients for the cells to use so as to develop and multiply.

    Spending money on supplements that do not work is not going to only cost you money, it may also price you your well
    being. Some low-quality merchandise could include harmful extracts or
    elements that can trigger allergic reactions and different untoward
    unwanted effects. Wonderful results from quite a few research studies created a huge interest in epicatechin. It can indeed promote higher
    muscle positive aspects, better blood flow and higher testosterone ranges.
    Its most notable testosterone-supporting ingredient is patent KSM-66 extract of
    Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). This extract has been tested in quite a few research to
    be an effective natural testosterone booster, stress reducer,
    and muscle and energy gainer. ​This complement targets myostatin and contains further
    herbs to extend anabolic results, especially properly suited
    to bodybuilding.
    Current makes an attempt at scientific utility of MSTN inhibitors have encountered challenges with drug design and disease applications.
    Muscular dystrophies, the primary focus of MSTN-inhibition therapeutics thus far,
    stem from genetic-based pathways that is most likely not simply remedied solely by inhibiting MSTN
    or augmenting skeletal muscle mass. Future purposes of MSTN inhibition should contemplate the restrictions of focusing
    on skeletal muscle mass and explore more suitable illness applications.
    These approaches might mitigate the challenges posed by the low MSTN ranges in sufferers with severe
    muscular dystrophy, which can in any other case cut
    back the effectiveness of MSTN inhibitors. There are additionally future application prospects in non-diseased patients, like targeting MSTN
    to protect against muscle and bone mass loss during area flight
    [155]. Regardless of application, future research on MSTN inhibitors ought to prioritize the event of specific
    inhibitor designs to mitigate unwanted effects caused
    by cross-reactivity.
    This is the place epicatechin supplements
    can come in useful to beat the variability in dietary sources — however we're getting ahead of ourselves here.
    We just want to underscore that the majority
    dietary supplements, like epicatechin dietary supplements, aren't the only answer to increasing muscle development.
    They're not magic pills but might be a half of a holistic strategy for health goals.
    If you wish to get actually technical, it
    is a part of the TGF-β household and works by blocking sure
    pathways that trigger muscle development, such because the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway [1].
    Every of those supplements incorporates unique components that help them stand out from the remainder.

    They are designed to maximize muscle development, improve
    strength, and enhance overall physical performance.
    This information will take you on a journey
    by way of the science and benefits of myostatin inhibitors, highlight prime products in the market, and provide the inside
    scoop on tips on how to maximize their effects.

    Nonetheless, there are several potential downsides to myostatin inhibition in individuals in search of athletic enhancement.
    Creatine and follistatin supplements haven't been permitted by the FDA for medical use.
    Laws set manufacturing standards for them however don’t guarantee that they’re safe
    or effective. Some scientists think myostatin inhibition ought to be
    further researched for potentially stopping obesity and diabetes [29, 26].
    This impact has mostly been seen in animal research on follistatin,
    a natural hormone that inhibits myostatin [26, 27, 28].

    The PLA group consumed equivalent wanting capsules containing a hundred mg of
    cellulose twice day by day. The supplement and placebo
    had been manufactured and blinded by Very Important Pharmaceuticals
    Inc. (VPX Inc., Weston, FL). He has been formulating, consulting, & manufacturing dietary dietary supplements since 1998.

    Alex invented protein customization in 1998 & was the first firm to permit customers to create their own protein blends.
    He helped create the primary supplement to include pure follistatin,
    invented whey protein with egg lecithin, & lately imported the world’s first one hundred pc hydrolyzed whey.

    Analysis has demonstrated that the insulin/insulin-like
    progress factor 1 (IGF-1)-dependent mammalian goal of
    rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a vital player within the growth or atrophy of human skeletal muscle.
    In CKD, hindering anabolic agents, such as
    IGF-1/insulin component may result in diminished
    Akt-mTOR signaling, which promotes muscle protein degradation [29].
    Moreover, myostatin serves as a major negative modulator of muscle
    quantity, which is elevated in individuals with CKD.

    Activin A receptor type IIB (ActRIIB), the cell floor receptor for this protein, which is generally transcripted in human muscle cells,
    phosphorylates and prompts a number of transcription variables,
    including Smad2,3, and Smad2/4 family. Smad2/4 complex is then translocated to the nucleus, instantly influencing
    protein wasting. On the opposite hand, the phosphorylation of Smad2/Smad3 results in an additional lower in p-Akt, hence perpetuating the cycle of muscle protein breakdown [30].
    New research have additionally established an emergent function for microRNAs (miRNAs) in skeletal muscle
    losing in CKD sufferers.
    In reality, some research implies that myostatin actively triggers muscle
    atrophy (muscle wasting) when development triggers are abnormally lowered corresponding to during periods of extended inactivity like hospital bed rest, and continual muscle
    disuse atrophy. Secondly, scientists consider that myostatin inhibition can also prevent muscle
    loss that happens as a result of other ailments.
    For instance, deleting the genes concerned in producing myostatin in the hearts of mice prevented the extreme muscle and weight
    reduction brought on by heart failure [11]. Under
    is a list of pathways myostatin inhibition might target, based on the obtainable research.


    Subsequently, inhibition of Wnt signaling downregulated
    MSC proliferation (Steelman et al., 2006). Altogether, these findings recommend the complexity of MSTN sign transduction might
    be due to the involvement of various signaling pathways and that the
    exact integration of these pathways underlies the expansion inhibitory
    results of MSTN. In addition, we also evaluation the state-of-the-art in silico approaches used to
    design MSTN inhibitors primarily based on the buildings of its interacting proteins.

    Two weeks of HS reduced muscle masses, fiber sort, and CSA for all MHC isoforms evaluated, and measures of in vivo power and in vitro soleus force production. Our in vivo energy evaluation was noteworthy since this measurement assesses integrated strength
    in an awake animal that features central nervous system activation, neuromuscular junction function, and capacity for tetanic pressure manufacturing in multiple muscle tissue.
    Evaluation of the tibialis anterior revealed a shift in course of protein degradation with unloading.
    MuRF-1 and MAFbx/Atrogin-1 expression was elevated at study endpoint when atrogene expression has been observed to
    decrease to manage levels9.
    With the exception of vitamin D, where a positive impact could additionally be noticed in those suffering from a deficiency, the other therapies are noted to be both risky or
    unproven. Myostatin antagonists, peroxisomeproliferator-activated-receptor-δ agonists (GW1516) and
    adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase activators such as AICAR.
    GW1516 was tested in rodents results show stimulated exercise capability only when used in mixture with train [13].

    Adjustments in accessible surface space (ASA) confirmed the residues on this region of MSTN exhibited maximum ASA
    changes after binding with FMOD or ACVRIIB. Statements regarding complement benefits have
    not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.
    Clear Labs products aren't supposed to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.

    Concentrating On the latent or pro-form of MSTN could provide superior efficacy and
    decreased cross-reactivity. Most inhibitors tested thus far have focused the
    mature type or employed broadly reactive receptor-based approaches.
    Numerous inhibition methods with the potential for greater effectiveness stay unexplored in scientific settings.

    Secondly, epicatechin supplementation may enhance muscle protein synthesis, train endurance capacity, and
    relative peak anaerobic power via several proposed pathways that we will focus
    on under [9]. 37 recreationally skilled college aged males volunteered to participate on this research and were
    divided equally into 3 groups receiving a placebo macronutrient matched management, 10 or 30 grams of MYOX (MyoS Corp) supplementation for 8 weeks.
    DXA decided lean mass, ultrasonography determined muscle mass, and decrease and higher physique
    strength were measured pre and publish 12 weeks of training.
    Nonetheless, the research lacked dietary information, making it unclear if participants consumed more protein and calories, which may lead to elevated muscle growth.
    Personally, I, along with many others, purchased this
    product and found it lacking in delivering the promised
    results.
    For astronauts on board the International Space Station (ISS),
    even high-volume resistance exercise doesn't absolutely forestall muscle
    atrophy and weakness2,4 and might turn into infeasible if astronaut well being had been compromised.
    Pharmaceutical therapies that promote or preserve muscle mass and power, alone or
    in combination with train or dietary interventions, are important
    to take care of astronaut health throughout long-duration spaceflight missions.
    An improved understanding of mechanisms that underlie spaceflight-induced muscle loss is thus
    needed. Fortetropin (Canine Muscle Method; Myos, Cedar Knolls, New
    Jersey, USA), a nonthermal-pasteurized, freeze-dried, fertilized
    egg yolk product, was proven to have an abundance of proangiogenic and host-defense proteins compared
    to unfertilized egg yolk (10). Fortetropin is believed to promote
    muscle development via the discount of serum myostatin via an undefined mechanism, yet the measured effect on serum
    myostatin ranges has varied in studies (11,12). Nevertheless, a research in older men and women demonstrated
    no change in serum myostatin over 21 d of Fortetropin administration, despite demonstrating an 18% increase within the fractional synthetic rate of muscle protein in comparability to a placebo (13).

    MSTN has been proven to mediate the expression of BAT markers
    and thermogenic genes in WAT, including Ucp1, Prdm16, Pgc-1a, Bmp7, Cidea,
    Cd137, and Tmem26 [134, one hundred forty, 141]. Another attainable route
    of MSTN-mediated BAT formation is the skeletal muscle-derived myokine irisin, which facilitates crosstalk between skeletal muscle and adipose tissue to drive thermogenesis
    and browning and is increased with inhibition of MSTN [142, 143].

    Additionally, MSTN is secreted in BAT and acts as an adipokine, lowering native insulin sensitivity [144].
    Moreover, MSTN is concerned in tissue crosstalk between BAT and skeletal muscle by way
    of transcription factor interferon regulatory factor four (IRF4), which regulates adipogenesis
    by inhibiting MSTN expression [15]. Expression of IRF4 in BAT is strongly correlated with serum MSTN ranges,
    with loss of IRF4 inflicting obesity, decreased
    train capacity, and increased serum MSTN [15, 145].

    These findings indicate a posh interaction between MSTN and adipose tissue, highlighting distinct effects beyond those mediated by skeletal muscle.

    Myostatin is a cytokine that works by inhibiting the proliferation of satellite cells and the differentiation of myoblasts [10], whereas additionally reducing adipogenesis via reductions within the secretion of leptin [11].
    Thus, the rationale for binding myostatin with sulfo-polysaccharides would theoretically result in increased muscle mass and
    improved physique composition. The curiosity in myostatin was generated by recent studies where antibodies for myostatin were created and administered to adult
    rodents, which resulted in a rise in physique mass, muscle mass,
    muscle size, and energy [11,12]. Regardless Of the success in rodents, human models haven't been as successful in increasing physique mass and muscle
    mass [13], however sulfo-polysaccharides have been reported to have a binding
    specificity for the myostatin inhibitor follistatin [14].

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