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Biedermeier...

Napísal femme 23. október 2018

... bolo obdobie neskorého klasicizmu a my sa vám pokúsime priblížiť vplyv meštianstva na toto obdobie v dizajne, bytovej kultúre a životnom štýle.

biedermaier wikipedia

Biedermeier obdobie rokov 1814-1848

Označenie „biedermeier“ vzniklo podľa humornej figúrky z časopisu Fliegende Blätter, ktorá bola karikatúrou malomeštianskeho životného štýlu. Neskôr tento význam bol pozbavený satirického nánosu a snažil sa vyjadriť skromný a racionálny postoj filozofie meštianstva vo všetkých sférach života. Biedermeier sa rozvíjal na osvietenských dvoroch ako paralela feudálneho reprezentatívneho štýlu, kde mal slúžiť k účelnému a triezvemu zariadeniu súkromných miestností. Zaujímavosťou je, že z osvietenských dvorov sa postupne presunul do bytového zariadenia meštianstva, ktorý z neho urobil štýl.

Biedermeieru bol prisudzovaný nemecký pôvod, ale vzory pre účelnú bytovú kultúru boli prebrané z Anglicka. Z Nemecka sa potom rozšíril do susedných krajín, kde v niektorých z nich vznikali aj osobité štýly (Dánsko). Práve Nemecko dalo základ pre dejiny dizajnu svojou industrializáciou a rozvinulo výrobu štandardizovaných konfekčných výrobkov.

Bytový štýl meštianstva

Kritéria na bytové zariadenia boli vymedzené na účelnosť, jednoduchosť a pohodlie. Prejavil sa v rozvoji bytového textilu, kde nastal odklon od opulentných látok, upustenie od intarzii na nábytkoch a podobného luxusu. Nábytok a všetky súčasti miestnosti mali byť v harmónii. Nastal ústup od výroby na mieru a pristupovalo sa ku konfekčným nábytkom. Prejavilo sa to vo výrobe menších súprav nábytku. 

Najčastejšími druhmi nábytku boli stoličky, pohovky, drobnejšie komody, sekretáre, odkladacie stolíky, presklené skrinky na obľúbený maľovaný porcelán či knihovničky... Aby bol tovar prístupný meštianstvu, došlo aj k zmene materiálov. Uprednostňovali sa cenovo prístupne dreviny (smrek, jedľa), ktoré boli opatrené dyhami. Technika dyhovania bola známa už z dôb antiky, potom mala svoje znovuzrodenie v renesancii ale svoj rozkvet zaznamenala vynálezom mechanického stroja v roku 1817 vo Viedni. Na výrobu dyhy sa spracovávali miestne dreviny (javor, čerešňa a orech), ktoré sa upevňovali na korpus vyhotovený z lacnejšieho dreva.

Do bytovej kultúry patria aj rôzne sošky, ktoré sú v tomto období drobnejšie a majú príklon k antike, portrétne miniatúry či mestské veduty (presný maliarsky výsek krajiny alebo mesta).

Zdroj foto: Wikipedia

1 Komentár

  • Komentár Jacquelyn %PM, %02 %803 %2025 %18:%máj napísal Jacquelyn

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