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Rozvod a spoločná hypotéka

Napísal Linda Valko Gáliková 21. máj 2024

Každý rok sa na Slovensku rozvedie viac ako osemtisíc párov. Vlani žilo v našej krajine viac ako 445-tisíc rozvedených ľudí, pričom žien bolo o 30 % viac ako mužov.* Každý rozvod  pritom prináša výraznú zmenu i v sociálnom a ekonomickom postavení človeka.

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Náklady na vysporiadanie majetku, hypotéky, právnikov, na vyplatenie partnera či zabezpečenie si samostatného bývania sa môžu vyšplhať na niekoľko tisíc eur. Pri vypustení jedného z exmanželov zo spoločnej hypotéky posudzuje banka príjmy, záväzky a bonitu jednotlivca, ktorý chce nadobudnúť nehnuteľnosť do svojho vlastníctva nanovo. Musí pritom preukázať schopnosť splácať zostatkovú istinu úveru sám.

Rozdielnosť pováh, nevera, alkoholizmus, nezáujem o rodinu alebo rôzne iné dôvody stoja za rozpadom každého tretieho manželstva na Slovensku. Podľa najnovších, aprílových údajov Štatistického úradu, v minulom roku súdy rozviedli  8 205 párov, pričom miera rozvodovosti v pomere k uzavretým sobášom sa za posledných päť rokov pohybuje na úrovni okolo 30 %. Žiadosť o rozvod podávajú Slováci v priemere po 15 rokoch manželstva, priemerný vek rozvádzajúcich sa mužov je 44 až 46 rokov, u žien je to približne 41 až 43 rokov.*

Status rozvedeného alebo rozvedenej má približne 10 % Slovákov, pričom vlani žilo na Slovensku 192 337 rozvedených mužov a až 253 192 rozvedených žien. Ukončenie dlhodobého manželského, ale aj partnerského spolužitia má vplyv aj na sociálnu a finančnú situáciu jednotlivcov. Pri bezproblémovom rozvode žiadateľ uhradí len súdny poplatok za rozvodové konanie vo výške pár desiatok eur. No ak sa partneri nevedia dohodnúť na starostlivosti o deti, súdne trovy či vyplatenie partnera – to všetko spolu sa môže rádovo vyšplhať na tisícky eur.  

Hypotéka môže byť tvrdý oriešok

Po rozvode majú expartneri tri roky na to, aby si vysporiadali majetok dohodou alebo súdnou cestou. Ide pritom o majetok, ktorý nadobudli počas manželstva, a teda ktorý je súčasťou BSM. Ak napríklad jeden z manželov vlastnil nehnuteľnosť pred uzatvorením zväzku, táto nie je súčasťou BSM, a teda nie je ani predmetom vzájomného vysporiadania.

Ak manželia nadobudli nehnuteľnosť počas manželstva a ani tri roky po rozvode nedošlo k jej vysporiadaniu, majú k nej obaja rovnaký podiel. To znamená, že ich hypotéka je spoločná a banka aj naďalej, tj. aj napriek rozvodu, oboch manželov vníma ako rovnocenných dlžníkov, a teda môže žiadať plnenie od oboch rovnako. Inými slovami to znamená aj to, že samotnú hypotéku si vplyvom rozvodu deliť nemusia, ak nechcú.

Naopak, v prípade, že chce nehnuteľnosť kúpenú na hypotéku vlastniť len jeden z partnerov, majú v tomto prípade dve možnosti. Buď si požiada o novú hypotéku alebo o vypustenie jedného z dlžníkov z úverového vzťahu, a to prostredníctvom zmeny zmluvných podmienok.

V oboch prípadoch banka posudzuje príjmy, záväzky a bonitu jednotlivca, ktorý chce nadobudnúť nehnuteľnosť do svojho vlastníctva a prevziať na seba celé jej splácanie. Ak si bývalí partneri vyberú možnosť novej hypotéky, jeden z nich bude musieť absolvovať celý proces vybavovania hypotéky od znovu. Tento krok je obzvlášť nevýhodný v tom prípade, ak je na pôvodnej hypotéke nižšia úroková sadzba ako sú aktuálne sadzby. 

Pri vypustení jedného z dlžníkov sa rovnako posudzuje napríklad schopnosť klienta splácať daný úver či jeho doterajšie skúsenosti so splácaním úverov. Staronový dlžník musí preukázať schopnosť splácať zostatkovú istinu úveru, ktorú posudzuje banka v schvaľovacom procese. 

„Aj keď sú aktuálne úrokové sadzby relatívne stabilné, ak sa pozrieme dozadu, za posledné dva roky sme mali pomerne dynamické obdobie, kedy dochádzalo k ich kontinuálnemu rastu. Priemerná sadza narástla z jedného percenta na štyri. Ak sa navyše klient nachádza v situácii, kedy chce vypustiť svojho spoludlžníka z hypotéky, môže to byť ešte náročnejšie. Ak žiadateľovi po prepočte hypotéka nevyjde, žiadosť mu banka zamietne a naďalej platí pôvodná zmluva. Povinnosti splácať úver tak majú obaja (ex)partneri. Riešením v tomto prípade môže byť pridanie nového spoludlžníka alebo predaj nehnuteľnosti,“ objasňuje  Tomáš Barbarič, šéf produktov v 365.bank.

Vysporiadanie vlastníckych práv pritom čo-to stojí a treba tiež rátať s poplatkami za zmenu zmluvných podmienok, za nový znalecký posudok, nákladmi na notára či poplatkami na katastri.

Predaj bytu v nevhodnom čase môže navýšiť náklady

Ak ani jeden z partnerov sám celú splátku hypotéky na danú nehnuteľnosť splácať nezvládne, alebo ak nepríde k inej dohode, dom či byt možno aj predať. Predaj nehnuteľnosti pritom tiež môže stáť niekoľko tisíc eur. Okrem sumy, ktorú majitelia zaplatia za prípadne sprostredkovanie realitnej kancelárii, treba rátať aj s daňou z rozdielu medzi kúpnou a predajnou cenou bytu či domu, ak ho vlastníci predávajú do piatich rokov od jeho nadobudnutia.

Zároveň pri predaji treba zohľadniť aj vhodnosť načasovania tohto kroku vzhľadom na aktuálny vývoj na trhu. Ide najmä o ceny nehnuteľností, ako aj podmienky ich financovania pre potenciálnych kupujúcich. Aktuálne došlo vplyvom rastúcich úrokových sadzieb k ochladeniu trhu s bývaním. Inými slovami, vybrané nehnuteľnosti  sa predávajú za lacnejšie a je po nich nižší dopyt, čo nepraje práve predávajúcim.

Pri vysporiadaní (ex)manželov treba zobrať do úvahy všetky súvisiace aspekty, ktoré majú dopad na existujúcu hypotéku. V tomto smere odporúčame poradiť sa v banke ohľadne najoptimálnejšej možnosti riešenia tejto situácie,“ uzatvára Barbarič. 

Zdroj foto: Freepik

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