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Rakovina prsníka a nebezpečné mutácie BRCA1 a BRCA2

Napísal femme 12. november 2024

Pravdepodobne každý z nás má v svojom okolí niekoho, kto s rakovinou musel alebo stále musí bojovať. Ako však rakovina vzniká? Dá sa jej predísť? Rakovina začína v bunkách, ktoré sú základnými stavebnými kameňmi. Bunky tvoria všetky tkanivá a orgány v tele, vrátane prsníka.

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Rakovina prsníka

Normálne bunky v prsníku a v iných častiach tela rastú a delia sa. Takýmto spôsobom vytvárajú nové bunky, vtedy, keď sú nové bunky potrebné. Keď normálna bunka zostarne, alebo príde k jej  poškodeniu, táto bunka odumrie a nová bunka nahradí jej miesto.
Niekedy však tento proces zlyhá. Nové bunky sa tvoria,  aj keď ich telo nepotrebuje. Staré alebo poškodené bunky neumierajú, ako by mali. Nahromadenie týchto buniek často vytvorí zhluk tkaniva, ktorý sa nazýva nádor.

Nádory v prsníku môžu byť benígne (nezhubné nádory) alebo malígne (rakovinové).

Benígne nádory:

- Nie sú zvyčajne škodlivé

- Zriedka napádajú tkaniva okolo nich

- Nešíria sa do iných častí tela

- Môže byť odstránené a zvyčajne sa znovu neobjavia

Zhubné (malígne) nádory:

- Môžu znamenať ohrozenie života

- Môžu napadnúť blízke orgány a tkanivá (napr. hrudné steny)

- Môžu sa šíriť do ďalších častí tela

- Často môžu byť odstránené, ale niekedy môžu dorásť


Bunky pochádzajúce z rakoviny prsníkasa môžu šíriť po tele
. Môžu cestovať cievami alebo lymfatickými cievami a tak dosiahnuť aj iné časti tela. Takýmto spôsobom sa môžu rakovinové bunky pochádzajúce z prsníka pripojiť k ďalším tkanivám a môžu začať rásť. Takto vytvoria nové nádory, ktoré môžu poškodiť tieto tkanivá.

Bunky rakoviny prsníka sa napríklad môžu rozšíriť najprv do okolitých lymfatických uzlín. Skupiny lymfatických uzlín sú v blízkosti prsníka pod ramenom (podpazušie), nad kľúčnou kosťou a v hrudníku za hrudnou kosťou.

Keď sa rakovina prsníka šíri z pôvodného miesta do iných častí tela,nový nádor má rovnaký druh abnormálnych buniek a rovnaký názov ako primárny (pôvodný) nádor.Ak sa napríklad rakovina prsníka šíri do pľúc, rakovinové bunky v pľúcach sú vlastne bunky rakoviny prsníka. Choroba je metastatický karcinóm prsníka, nie rakovina pľúc. Z tohto dôvodu, bude táto rakovina liečená ako rakovina prsníka a nie ako rakovina pľúc.

Najčastejším typom rakoviny prsníka jeduktálny karcinóm. Tento typ rakoviny prsníka začne v bunkách, ktoré lemujú mliekovody prsníka . Približne 7 z každých 10 žien s rakovinou prsníka má práve duktálny karcinóm. Tento typ rakoviny prsníka zvykne metastazovať do kostí, pľúc, pečene a mozgu. Taktiež metastazuje do lymfatických uzlín.

Druhým najčastejším typom rakoviny prsníka je lobulárny karcinóm. Postihuje intralobulárne duktuly mliečnej žľazy. Približne 1 z každých 10 žien s rakovinou prsníka má lobulárny karcinóm.

Iné ženy majú kombináciu duktálneho a lobulárneho typu, alebo majú menej zvyčajný druh rakoviny prsníka (Tubulárny karcinóm, Medulárny karcinóm, Mucinózny karcinóm, Morbus Paget).

Karcinómu prsníka patrí medzi zhubné ochorenia ako aj medzi civilizačné choroby. Je najčastejším zhubným nádorom u žien a má stále vzrastajúci výskyt.  Najvyššia incidencia je u žien okolo veku 65 rokov. Veľmi dôležitou prevenciou pri rakovine prsníka je samo vyšetrenie prsníka a taktiež preventívne prehliadky u doktora.

Nebezpečné mutácie BRCA1 a BRCA2

Zhubné nádory prsníka vzniknú u prevažnej väčšiny žien súhrou náhody a rizikových faktorov. Avšak jeden z 300 – 800 prípadov je spôsobený mutáciou v géne BRCA 1 alebo BRCA 2. Pokiaľ tieto gény fungujú správne, opravujú chyby v DNA a pomáhajú predchádzať vzniku rakoviny. Pokiaľ sa u nich ale objavia mutácie, táto schopnosť sa naruší, čo výrazne zvyšuje riziko vzniku rakoviny prsníka a vaječníkov.

Zatiaľ čo v bežnej zdravej populácii je riziko rozvoja rakoviny prsníka približne deväť percent, v prípade mutácie BRCA génov ide až o 86 percent. Tieto invazívne nádory sa môžu vyskytnúť aj o 15 – 20 rokov skôr ako u populácie bez BRCA mutácie. To je tiež dôvodom, prečo zhubné nádory u nositeľov BRCA mutácie vznikajú v oveľa nižšom veku.

Mutácie génov BRCA 1 a BRCA 2 sú dedičné, dedia sa tzv. autozomálne dominantným spôsobom, čo znamená, že ak jeden z rodičov má mutáciu v jednom z týchto génov, existuje päťdesiatpercentná pravdepodobnosť, že ju odovzdá svojim deťom. Mutácia sa tak odovzdáva z generácie na generáciu. Pokiaľ teda nenesú mutáciu rodičia, nemôžu ju odovzdať ani svojim potomkom.

Táto dedičná dispozícia sa nevyhýba ani mužom. U nich je potom riziko rakoviny prostaty, hrubého čreva a prsníka zhruba 2-krát až 5-krát vyššie ako v normálnej populácii. A tiež muži môžu preniesť túto mutáciu na svojich potomkov.

Mutáciu BRCA génov je možné zistiť genetickým vyšetrením z krvi.

Podozrenie, že by sa v rodine mohla táto predispozícia vyskytovať, by mal človek pojať predovšetkým v prípade, že má dvoch príbuzných, u ktorých sa vyskytla rakovina prsníka a aspoň u jedného z nich pred päťdesiatym rokom veku, alebo ak má troch alebo viac príbuzných s rakovinou prsníka v akomkoľvek veku. Pokiaľ má žena podozrenie, že by mohla byť nositeľkou BRCA mutácie, mala by osloviť svojho praktického lekára alebo gynekológa, ktorí jej môžu vystaviť žiadanku na genetické testovanie.

22 komentárov

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    Sakoe-Chiba band. This band restricted the dynamic alignment between objects to the present (t) and the next time point (t + 1) (see
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    The recommended daily dosage for adults ranges from 2.5 mg to twenty mg, administered in 2
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    Anavar is a popular steroid amongst female athletes and
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    In the sphere of fitness and bodybuilding, Clenbuterol is usually highlighted for
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    This might be at a low dose, where the testosterone won’t
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    Lean muscle gains will vary considerably amongst girls, however
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    Nevertheless, Ostarine’s capability to reduce subcutaneous and visceral fats mass
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    It is favored during cutting cycles as a end result of
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    for Anavar can lead to disqualification and different penalties.

    Remember, every mixture interacts in one other way with
    an individual’s physique, so analysis and take
    essential precautions earlier than stacking. Below we present a scientific overview of what male and
    female users may expertise after two weeks of Anavar utilization. Bear In Mind, these results can differ tremendously relying on individual
    elements similar to dosage, food regimen, train routine, and private genetics.
    By embracing these optimum dosages, each women and men can expertise the positive results of Anavar while mitigating potential risks.


    Nevertheless, they want to be checked often on Winstrol (due to stronger hepatotoxicity).
    Anavar has milder side effects, hence why it has been used successfully in medication to deal
    with men, women, and kids. Nevertheless, it's worth noting that the muscle tissue won’t significantly deflate on Winstrol,
    despite a discount in water quantity, because of it concurrently adding muscle hypertrophy (size) during a cycle.
    When it comes to the Winstrol vs. Anavar debate, some bodybuilders opt for Anavar, and others
    choose Winstrol (for varied causes that we're going to cover).

    Cutting steroids even have the power to extend muscle development, even when consuming fewer energy.
    It Is price noting that whereas these methods
    may help manage and mitigate Anavar unwanted effects, they
    do not get rid of all dangers. The safest strategy is at all times
    to make use of the bottom efficient dose for the shortest needed period, underneath the steerage
    of a knowledgeable healthcare provider.
    Before taking Anavar, it is essential to converse with
    a medical skilled to determine whether it is best for
    you. However, as a common rule, Anavar is taken into account
    to be a relatively protected and well-tolerated steroid.
    The above proof is sufficient to persuade you why to avoid Anavar dietary supplements or injections.
    Nonetheless, getting the advantages of Anavar is
    feasible while minimizing the unwanted effects. Meanwhile, it
    even addresses how general utilizing the steroid
    is not worth it in any respect. Users have shared their harsh experiences
    with the best-cutting steroid. Certainly, one needs
    to have a look to know how unhealthy it might be for you.

    PCT often consists of the use of specific drugs and cycling off
    the Oxandrolone for a recommended period earlier than contemplating starting a model new cycle.
    Throughout the initial section of incorporating Oxandrolone into their regimen, most customers experience noticeable modifications in their strength and endurance levels.
    Inside a few weeks, the supplement’s potency starts to show its
    effectiveness via prolonged exercise capabilities and lowered restoration time.

    Of course, a radical evaluation can put forth a detailed and actual image.
    The intense bulk, most fats sculpted body, and extreme efficiency are only one aspect of the story.

    In reality, bulking steroids can lead to lengthy phrases issues, which could be life-threatening.
    If you want to buy Oxandrolone and run repeated cycles over a lengthy time period, you could need to think about
    visiting your doctor to know the present state of your liver health.

    Anavar’s optimistic effects on muscle achieve, fats loss, and power aren’t without price.
    Though Anavar is one of the mildest and "safest" steroids based
    on our tests, antagonistic reactions can still occur.

    However, we've discovered Anavar’s lipolytic (fat-burning properties) to be
    potent in comparison with other anabolic steroids, which is why many men and women cycle it when cutting.

    Anavar dosage ought to be primarily based on one's experience with the drug and
    their sex. Women who're simply starting out
    with the drug usually begin at 5-10mg per day; then, offered they don't
    experience any harsh virilization, they will steadily
    increase dosage to between 10mg and 20mg. Here's an EliteFitness thread about
    Anavar for girls, the place the poster begins with
    5mg day by day (split into two 2.5mg doses), with plans to later increase dosage to 10mg per day.

    As kidneys require sufficient water to filter waste from the blood, insufficient hydration may cause significant pressure and probably lead to kidney stones.
    Whereas it is true that many have achieved spectacular outcomes with
    this supplement, long-term use might lead to a pressure
    on the kidneys, which can lead to harm. Anavar, is the alleged magic capsule of bodybuilders
    and weightlifters worldwide. It Is hailed for its capacity to shed fat, enhance energy, and etch those sought-after abs into the anatomy
    of its devotees.
    One of the principle causes Anavar is so efficient at burning
    fats is as a outcome of it helps to increase your
    metabolism. While it is not as potent as a variety of the other steroids on the
    market, it is a lot safer and has fewer side effects.

    (17) Malhotra, A., Poon, E., Tse, W. Y., Pringle, P.
    J., Hindmarsh, P. C., & Brook, C. G. The effects of oxandrolone on the growth hormone and gonadal axes in boys with
    constitutional delay of growth and puberty.
    Testosterone can notably improve muscle dimension, while Oxandrolone works tirelessly to advertise fat loss and shield lean muscle.

    In tandem, they create the perfect setting for formulating a well-defined physique
    that showcases outstanding bodily adjustments.
    Testosterone moreover offers support in countering potential
    suppression of pure hormone production during an Oxandrolone cycle.
    If you’re looking for options to Anavar that are legal and secure,
    there are several pure dietary supplements obtainable on the market that can mimic
    the consequences of anabolic steroids. These dietary supplements are often referred to as authorized steroids or AAS alternate options.

    These dietary supplements are designed to advertise muscle development, increase energy, and improve athletic performance.
    Post-cycle remedy (PCT) is one other essential facet of managing Anavar
    side effects, notably for male users.
    One phrase that rings true greater than ever here is the phrase ‘The
    poison is in the does". No one is going to run into cholesterol issues using a wee 150mg of Testosterone per week, however bump that up tenfold and you’re definitely in for a tough time. Striking a stability between optimizing features and minimizing potential harm, the exploration of safer steroid practices requires continuous awareness and informed decision-making. The prospect of utterly safe steroid use stays elusive, as acknowledged by the article.

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    I don’t use them all the time, however they're within the toolbox when needed.
    The deficit doesn’t automatically mean you’ll get an additional advantage.
    For building strength, it’s all about optimizing technique for drive
    production. The glutes and hamstrings should work extra time to get
    the lunging leg again to the field. On the opposite hand,
    if you decide to focus extra on growing energy, then the standard deadlift will permit you to lift more for improved energy features.
    This leads to less knee bend and hip flexion which helps to place more emphasis on your glutes and hamstrings making it top-of-the-line deadlifts for glute development.

    Pay consideration to the concentric (lowering) portion of the range of motion. This will assist you to to
    grasp the motion and improve your approach.
    It can be a wonderful opportunity to work
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    The deficit makes the train tougher, and requires a higher show of force to carry
    the barbell and load from the ground.
    If your bar doesn’t have knurling (first of all, it
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    Inhale and provoke the pull by driving your toes into the ground.
    As the bar passes your knees, extend your hips and knees powerfully.
    Increasing the range of movement will increase
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    As you start to feel stronger and extra mobile, do more reps per set
    and then gradually increase your weights.
    Check out my evaluate of the Greatest Hand Strengtheners in case
    you have a weak grip. When this happens, exercise selection can be used to push via strength plateaus.

    Rosie began her career in communications as a author and later as a communications
    coordinator for renowned college of South Carolina.

    Your training quantity is a vital drive of each muscle gain and power.
    While you CAN’T change how you’re built, you CAN change how you arrange your body in relation to the barbell, which may both make the lift more durable or
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    Carry Out exercise 1a and then instantly do a set of train 1b.
    Nonetheless, most people discover them too simple
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    Concentrating On gluteus minimus and medius, using a mini band and a wall eliminates both of
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    Transform your house with efficient and affordable gym options.

    Nonetheless, as quickly as the bar will get to your knee, you keep your again place and perform a power row—think about doing a push press
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    In the usual model of the barbell deadlift, you
    stand on the ground so that the bar comes as much as in regards to the center of
    your shin.

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    After placing the Factor 26 Self-Locking Belt through
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    There’s nothing extra reassuring than knowing your belt won’t
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    In a nutshell, the MANUEKLEAR Dip Belt, with its smart design and durable material, proves to be a dependable companion in the pursuit of power and muscular growth.

    It's essential to know why carrying a lifting belt is vital earlier than delving into specifics on how to do it.
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    A powerlifting belt is a great tool to improve your training efficiency.
    In this text, we now have shone a highlight on the 12 finest powerlifting belts on the market.
    Hope this buyer’s information helps you purchase the proper powerlifting belt.
    The Metal Sweat powerlifting belt has a stainless steel single prong.

    This is according to the world between your hips and your ribs so the belt isn't restricted
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    into using intra-abdominal pressure. Some lifters prefer to put on their belt slightly
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    They are straightforward, portable, to roll up and stick in your travel bag.
    It has a 3-inch assist strap that gives most abdominal help
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    If you compete in powerlifting or weightlifting, you need to check if the
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    The added proprioception lets you feel and increase this
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    You have to measure around your waist (around the belly button) with a fabric measuring
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    In Distinction To prong belts, you want a screwdriver to change
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    So, whether you're a seasoned powerlifter or a
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    Leather-based weightlifting belts are often most well-liked by severe lifters for many reasons.
    Leather-based belts can stand up to years of heavy use, and have superior stability and assist to the back and core.
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    For the overall gym-goer, a weightlifting belt is normally a priceless asset.
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    The Inzer Eternally Lever Belt, that includes a manageable 10mm thickness, is designed with high-intensity
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