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Viete, že Sírius je hviezda, ktorá bliká a hýri farbami?

Napísal Počasie & Radar 11. január 2024

Určite ste si pri pohľade na nočnú oblohu všimli, že niektoré hviezdy občas bliknú, zažmurkajú a farebne sa rozžiaria. Najznámejšou hviezdou, ktorá takto mení farbu, je Sírius. Čo presne spôsobuje tento optický jav? Ako túto hviezdu môžeme pozorovať? Bude to možné aj dnes?

"Psie dni" alebo história Síria

Sírius vždy priťahoval pozornosť ľudí svojím jasom. Podľa Síria sa kedysi riadili staroveké kalendáre.  Hviezdu Sírius poznali už v starovekom Babylone, Egypte a Mezopotámii. V starovekom Grécku a Ríme existovali aj tzv. psie dni (dies caniculares). Tie ohlasovali najsuchšie a najteplejšie obdobie roka. Riadili sa okamihom, keď bolo možné tesne pred východom Slnka pozorovať hviezdu Sírius. V Stredozemnom mori k tomu dochádza medzi 22. júlom a 23. augustom.

Ako vzniká farebné blikanie?

Farebné blikanie a zdanlivé chvenie hviezd sa pripisuje optickému javu nazývanému scintilácia. Najvýraznejšie sa prejavuje pri hviezdach nízko nad obzorom, napríklad pri dvojhviezde Sírius v súhvezdí Veľkého psa. Keď sa hviezda pohybuje vyššie nad obzorom, blikanie slabne a mení sa na rovnomernú žiaru.

Scintilácia vzniká pri prechode svetla hviezd cez turbulentné vrstvy zemskej atmosféry, ktoré sa líšia teplotou a hustotou. V tomto prípade plynný obal Zeme funguje ako obrovská sústava šošoviek. Stúpajúce bubliny teplého vzduchu rozdeľujú lúče z hviezdy na rôzne farby spektra. Vďaka tomu hviezda bliká, žiari a pri pohľade cez ďalekohľad skáče. Pri hviezdach vysoko nad obzorom nie je tento efekt taký výrazný, pretože svetelné lúče prechádzajú cez tenšiu vrstvu vzduchu.

sirius_r_p_24

Sírius Zdroj: Počasie & Radar

Prečo planéty žiaria trvalo?

Planéty na rozdiel od hviezd nesvietia vlastným svetlom, iba ho odrážajú, takže scintilácia je v prípade týchto objektov zanedbateľná. To sa dá použiť aj ako jednoduchá pomôcka pri rozlišovaní, či je objekt planéta alebo hviezda.

 

 

Kde presne môžeme nájsť Sírius a ako pozorovať scintiláciu?

Sírius je najvýraznejšia hviezda zo všetkých a je prvou hviezdou, ktorú v zime po západe Slnka vidíme. Nemala by sa zamieňať s jasne žiariacou Venušou či Jupiterom. V prípade Síria je farebné blikanie veľmi nápadné a pozorovateľné voľným okom. Je to jasná dvojhviezda, ktorá sa nachádza v súhvezdí Veľkého psa neďaleko Orióna. Vidieť ju možno približne od 19.00 hod. na juhovýchodnom obzore. Potom sa presúva cez juh a zapadá okolo 4. hodiny na juhozápade.

 

Zaujímavý zážitok nám umožní pohľad cez ďalekohľad alebo fotoaparát so zoomom. Pre tých, ktorí vlastnia zrkadlovky, sa odporúča objektív s ohniskovou vzdialenosťou aspoň 200 mm. Ďalšou možnosťou je sériové snímanie s rýchlosťou niekoľkých snímok za sekundu. V tomto prípade odporúčame nastaviť vyššiu hodnotu ISO 3200 alebo vyššiu, aby sa kompenzoval krátky čas snímania.

Ako správne zaostriť alebo rozostriť?

Namierte prístroj na Sírius a mierne rozostrite, dokiaľ sa vám hviezda nebude javiť ako pravidelný kruh. Počítajte s tým, že pri priblížení vám hviezda "ujde zo záberu". Je to spôsobené rotáciou Zeme, ktorá začne mať výrazný vplyv na kvalitu a schopnosť efektívneho snímania pri väčších priblíženiach. Potom sa nám naskytne zaujímavé predstavenie pulzujúcej zmesi farieb. Vesmírna diskotéka sa môže začať!

Tip na záver: Ak natiahnete ruku a prižmúrite pri pohľade na prst, aby ste videli Sírius dvakrát, uvidíte, že v skutočnosti ide o dve nezávislé hviezdy. V každom oku bude blikať inou farbou.

predpoved_pocasie_radar_10124

Ak pred nami je jasná noc, budú ideálne podmienky na pozorovanie Síria. Kliknite na meteoradar v aplikácii Počasie & Radar a dozviete sa aj to, aké budú dnešné nočné teploty.

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