Vytlačiť túto stránku

Viete, aký je rozdiel medzi papyrusom a pergamenom?

Napísal femme 26. február 2023

Papyrus a pergamen boli prvé mäkké materiály, na ktoré ľudia písali svoje múdrosti a hlúposti... Vzácnosť papyrusu dokladá existencia palimpsestov...

1_papyrus_26223

Zdroj foto: Book of the Dead of Hunefer, Wikipedia.com

Papyrus

Už pred piatimi tisíckami rokov poznali pisári atrament, pero a mäkký materiál na písanie. Tým materiálom bol papyrus. Za jeho existenciu možno vďačiť rastline s názvom šachor papyrusový. Uvedená rastlina vytvárala bohaté porasty v močarinách okolo Nílu a šikovní Egypťania zistili, že z jej vláknitých stvolov sa dá vytvoriť zaujímavý materiál - papyrusový "papier". Tenké plátky narezané z drene šachora položili na seba, čím vytvorili rovnú a pružnú plochu, ktorá sa potom sušila tlakom a nakoniec leštila. Vo finále sa škrobovým lepidlom zlepilo asi dvadsať pripravených papyrusových listov a vznikol viacmetrový zvitok. Výroba papyrusu bola štátnym monopolom a od tretieho tisícročia sa papyrus vyvážal z Egypta do celej oblasti Stredomoria. Samozrejme, papyrus bol veľmi drahý a predstavoval pre staroveký Egypt značný zdroj príjmov. Vzácnosť papyrusu dokladá aj existencia palimpsestov, t.j. opakovane používaných papyrusov, z ktorých sa zmyl predchádzajúci text, aby sa na ne dalo znovu písať.

2_papyrus_26223

Pergamen

Slovo pergamen vlastne znamená "koža z Pergamonu" (mesto Pergamon patrilo k najdôležitejším mestám starovekej maloázijskej Mýzie). Keď sa v druhom storočí pred našim letopočtom Pergamon rozkmotril s Egyptom a ten prestal dodávať vzácny papyrus, museli sa pergamonskí pisári preorientovať na iný druh podkladového písacieho materiálu. Z núdze teda upriamili pozornosť na kožu, ktorá sa už aj predtým používala na písanie. A začal sa vyrábať pergamen: z dôkladne spracovanej kože oviec, kôz a teliat; prípadne z gazelej, antilopej alebo pštrosej usne. Ovčia a teľacia koža však mali jednu výhodu - dalo sa na ne písať z obidvoch strán. No najkvalitnejší bol takzvaný velínový pergamen, ktorý vznikal z kože veľmi mladých či dokonca ešte nenarodených teliat. Zvitok papyrusu tak nahradil list pergamenu... a zrodila sa viazaná kniha...

pergamen_26223

Zdroj foto: Wikipedia.com

26 komentárov

  • Komentár https://peatix.com/user/29300234/view %PM, %04 %638 %2026 %14:%apr napísal https://peatix.com/user/29300234/view

    When some one searches for his vital thing, thus he/she needs to be available that in detail, so that thing is maintained over here.

  • Komentár https://jobsjo.online/employer/ideal-testosterone-levels-on-trt-for-men-and-women %PM, %03 %908 %2026 %20:%apr napísal https://jobsjo.online/employer/ideal-testosterone-levels-on-trt-for-men-and-women

    References:


    Negative effect definition

  • Komentár 8.155.160.224 %AM, %01 %076 %2026 %00:%apr napísal 8.155.160.224

    References:


    Steroid penis

  • Komentár 123.207.74.175 %PM, %31 %720 %2026 %16:%mar napísal 123.207.74.175

    References:


    Growth steroids

  • Komentár sundaynews.info %PM, %27 %041 %2026 %23:%mar napísal sundaynews.info

    References:


    Click here to play

  • Komentár https://www.jaegerhof-bergneustadt.de %PM, %27 %897 %2026 %20:%mar napísal https://www.jaegerhof-bergneustadt.de

    References:


    Cutting steroid cycle beginner

  • Komentár gl.cooperatic.fr %PM, %20 %947 %2026 %21:%mar napísal gl.cooperatic.fr

    References:


    One side effect of steroid use by men is

  • Komentár myspace.com %AM, %18 %100 %2026 %01:%mar napísal myspace.com

    References:


    Walking dead time slot

  • Komentár git.agri-sys.com %PM, %21 %782 %2025 %17:%okt napísal git.agri-sys.com

    anavar dianabol cycle


    https://play.eccentric.etc.br/@icywarren94242?page=about https://play.eccentric.etc.br


    https://git.suika.org/alenarounds369 git.suika.org


    https://zomi.watch/@francisansell?page=about https://zomi.watch/@francisansell?page=about


    https://git.tordarus.net/davidalavater git.tordarus.net


    https://git.zhukovsky.me/kellieibr44156 git.zhukovsky.me


    https://gitea.adminakademia.pl/rolandrosa746 gitea.adminakademia.pl


    http://code.sikey.com.cn/mohammadcardin/1963125/wiki/IGF-1%253A+Wachstumshormon+im+Fokus code.sikey.com.cn


    http://git.modelhub.org.cn:980/kristiefolings http://git.modelhub.org.cn:980/kristiefolings


    https://community.gamersvision.nl/read-blog/38855_h-amp-g-haus-amp-grund-verwaltungs-gmbh.html community.gamersvision.nl


    https://youslade.com/read-blog/211078_wachstumshormon-struktur-und-wirkungsweise.html https://youslade.com/read-blog/211078_wachstumshormon-struktur-und-wirkungsweise.html


    https://git.mklpiening.de/ionasai2200076 https://git.mklpiening.de/


    https://hgngit.ipdz.me/katherinabiddl https://hgngit.ipdz.me/katherinabiddl


    https://nychat.in/read-blog/782_wachstumshormon-hgh-laborwerte.html https://nychat.in/read-blog/782_wachstumshormon-hgh-laborwerte.html


    https://k0ki-dev.com/octavioroldan k0ki-dev.com


    http://git.chelingzhu.com/dorotheasong38/3250831/wiki/Basisinformation http://git.chelingzhu.com


    https://git.hundseth.com/bessarriola51 git.hundseth.com


    https://lekoxnfx.com:4000/keithmadigan1 lekoxnfx.com


    http://nas.hiant.cfd:3000/martiytt127654 nas.hiant.cfd

  • Komentár Shayla %PM, %28 %871 %2025 %19:%máj napísal Shayla

    This might surprise you, however plenty of the load you carry in your body isn’t really fats or muscle, it’s water.
    It is probably one of the inspirations of virtually everybody hitting the health club to construct ripped six-pack abs.
    It can be correct to say that having six-pack abs
    defines one as a person. Significantly within the workplace, resulting in a greater life and a successful profession.
    Many people mistakenly suppose that dropping fats is just
    a matter of exercising more and consuming much less, but it’s really about hanging a steadiness.
    These ideas will help you get lean with out shedding that hard-earned
    muscle. Illegal steroids are obtained through the internet and through casual sellers, like
    different unlawful medication.
    However, such reductions are gentle in distinction to other anabolic steroids.
    However, it's equally efficient when it comes to
    its ability to construct muscle tissue. D-Bal is an optimal compound for those wanting to add notable muscle
    mass, without shutting down their testosterone manufacturing.
    Anavar will end in an imbalance in HDL and LDL levels, which is able to have an effect on a user’s
    ldl cholesterol profile. Though Anavar is much less cardiotoxic in comparability with most anabolic steroids, it still
    has the potential to induce hypertension.
    Anavar by CrazyBulk, popularly known for the Anavar alternative assists more than lots of of people in getting again in form by attaining fat-burning and muscle-sparing results.
    Contemplating its unwanted effects, most international locations have banned the utilization of steroids for bettering efficiency.
    Notably, this particular rule led to the decline in the production of steroids, a rise in their value, and also, its misuse.
    As Quickly As you stop taking steroids, your physique gets again to its most potential of
    generating hormones. This will take your physique again to what it might be with the natural production of hormones.

    It does not cause water retention and gives you a dry ripped look.
    Due To This Fact, in case your aim is to consumption steroids, you'll love Winny for doing it.

    We regard Equipoise as one of many least deleterious steroids to
    get ripped, alongside Anavar and testosterone. Equipoise is used amongst veterinarians to
    stimulate urge for food and bulk up horses after weight reduction (3).
    Winstrol may even increase liver enzymes notably, so shorter cycles are generally carried out (not
    past 6–8 weeks). Women who take Anavar do not
    typically expertise masculinization beneath our care.
    Nevertheless, virilization is feasible in giant doses or extreme
    cycles. David Varvaro is a Certified Private Trainer and Nutritionist with over 20 years of experience in the health business.

    He has helped 1000's of purchasers lose weight and get in form through his personal personal training
    studios and now offers on-line fitness and vitamin programs.

    Examples of such bulking compounds may be present in one of the best steroids
    for bulking list. Various anabolic steroids are
    efficient for bulking up and gaining muscle mass. However,
    only some compounds are capable of burning fat and constructing muscle concurrently.
    Trenbolone is a extremely potent slicing agent that's recognized for its capacity to extend muscle mass while selling fat loss.
    When stacked with Anavar, it can help to amplify
    the muscle-building and fat-burning effects of each
    compounds.
    It doesn't produce exceptional muscle hypertrophy; nevertheless,
    it’s commonly used in bodybuilding and makes our prime 5 listing
    as a result of its execs largely outweigh its cons. We typically see testosterone levels
    rising on Anadrol, leading to vast energy positive aspects
    and intense pumps that are typically painful. The top 5 steroids
    for cutting and getting ripped are Anavar, Clenbuterol, Winstrol, Trenbolone, and Masteron.
    Will Increase nitrogen retention and red blood cell production to get well quicker and build stronger muscle tissue.

    We strongly advise bodybuilders to keep away from utilizing trenbolone
    because of the probably fatal effects it can cause.

    We have discovered that the chance of atherosclerosis and left ventricular hypertrophy significantly will increase with trenbolone cycles.
    Those who aren’t experienced steroid users could have outstanding gains in regard to
    muscle mass. Whereas skilled steroid users shall be much less
    delicate through years of cycles and will expertise milder features.
    Nevertheless, it’s crucial to use them responsibly, plan cycles fastidiously,
    and think about safer alternate options to avoid anabolic
    steroid misuse and protect long-term health. Testosterone is the cornerstone of any bulking cycle and some of the versatile steroids available.

    And clenbutrol stimulates your nervous system, which in flip revs up adrenaline levels.
    Winstrol will assist you to add slightly mass like testosterone, because of its increasing protein synthesis.
    The only downside is that your muscle tissue might look slightly flat on Winstrol and thus won’t maintain your muscles pumped 24/7 as Anavar can.
    It has delivered excellent outcomes not only for me in addition to dozens I’ve personally coached.
    It is the best authorized steroids in terms of steroids
    bodybuilding I have come throughout when in comparison with others.
    Throughout a cycle, women will usually begin taking 20–40 mcg of Clenbuterol a day.

    Then, each 3–4 days, customers improve their dose by 10–20
    mcg, for a cycle size of 4–6 weeks. This incremental improve in dosage
    is finished till fat loss peaks and unwanted effects stay snug or
    tolerable.
    Protein powder is basically extra about comfort than anything.

    It makes it easier to eat a excessive amount
    of protein with out plenty of further calories and
    fats. If I might only choose two supplements, it will be
    a quality protein powder and creatine.

Ladiaca konzola systému Joomla!

Sedenie

Informácie o profile

Využitie pamäte

Databázové dotazy