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Habsburgovci a svadby panovníkov

Napísal femme 23. apríl 2024

Rod Habsburgovcov sa dostal k moci vďaka kríze, keď sa Svätá rímska ríša národa nemeckého ocitla bez panovníka. Písal sa rok 1273 a za rímsko-nemeckého kráľa bol zvolený Rudolf I. Habsburský. Zo začiatku to vyzeralo, že jeho vládnutie nebude mať dlhé trvanie...

Všetko zmenila až víťazní bitka Rudolfa I. pri Dürnkrute v roku 1278 a vytvorila tak, základ pre vznik veľkej ríše, ktorá pretrvala až do konca 1. svetovej vojny. Počas vlády Habsburgovcov prebiehali nespočetné vojny s rôznymi územnými ziskami a stratami. Ich vzostup, napriek všetkému vystihuje slávny výrok, ktorý hovorí o ich úspešnej sobášnej politike. Zameranie na potomstvo po meči na zabezpečenie nástupníctva sa zakladalo na dedičskom práve po mužskej línii, výnimkou sa stala po dlhšej histórii Mária Terézia. Neprítomnosť mužského dediča spravidla viedla k nárokom a konfliktom s konkurenčnými dynastiami, vypovedajú o tom vojny, ktoré sa šírili počas celej histórie Európy.

„Vojny nech vedú iní, ty, šťastné Rakúsko, sa žeň!“

Rovnako Mária Terézia (1717–1780) musela viesť vojny, napríklad proti Prusku, no podarilo sa jej upevniť postavenie svojho rodu v Európe a zabezpečiť pretrvanie dynastie tým, že porodila až 16 detí. Cestu na španielsky trón umožnil cisár Maximilián I., ktorý vydal a oženil svoje deti do Aragónska a Kastílie.

sh_imperial_hochzeit

 Imperiálne svadby (c) Schloss Hof 

Od 9. marca do 3. novembra 2024 predstavia zámky Schloss Hof a Schloss Niederweiden na špeciálnej mimoriadnej výstave "Cisárske svadby" fascinujúce aspekty svadieb a manželstiev v cisárskej rodine Habsburgovcov - od výberu partnera cez zásnuby až po samotné svadobné oslavy.

Viete, že...

- Rodina nevesty po zásnubách začala zostavovať výbavu, tzv. trousseau, ktorá vypovedala o  hodnote a postavení budúcej nevesty, ako aj o dôležitost jej dynastie.

- Podľa dobových zvykov výbava obsahovala množstvo šiat na rôzne príležitosti, módne doplnky, šperky, hodinky, toaletné súpravy, stolový servis zo zlata, striebra, krištálu a porcelánu.

- Súčasť kolekcie tvorili aj svadobné šaty, ktoré boli odrazom najnovšej súčasnej módy, ako aj textilného remesla a krajčírskeho majstrovstva.

- Jemné čipky, zložité výšivky a dômyselne nazberkané hodvábne látky sa stali vizitkou domovskej krajiny a zaroven pamiatkou pre nevestu.

- od 19. storočia sa verejne vystavovalo svadobného veno o čom informovali aj printové médiá.  Zasnúbenie princeznej Štefánie s rakúskym korunným princom Rudolfom sa konala  7. marca 1880. V máji 1881 v kráľovskom paláci v Bruseli vystavovali výbavu belgickej princeznej Štefánie, budúcej manželky korunného princa Rudolfa„Užasná prehliadka nádhernych toaliet, skvostnej spodnej bielizne, trblietavých šperkov a rozprávkových čipiek."

Dôležitosť jubileí manželstiev habsbursko-lotrinskej dynastie

Od polovice 18. storočia oslávilo 42 zo 110 manželstiev habsbursko-lotrinskej dynastie striebornú svadbu a sedem párov oslávilo zlaté výročie svadby. Najznámejšou oslavou výročia sobáša sa pokladá „strieborná svadba" cisára Františka Jozefa a cisárovnej Alžbety v roku 1879, pre jej veľkoleposť a obľubu panovníckeho páru. Všetci účastníci osláv boli oblečeni v historických kostýmoch v renesančom štýle. Slávnostné podujatia (vrátane operného predstania a soirée) počas jubilea boli zároven príležitosť uvidieť cisárovnú, ktorá sa v posledných rokoch čoraz viac uťahovala do samoty. Teraz sa však objavila na verejnosti, aj v súkromnom rodinnom kruhu.

Okolo 5.000 pozvaných hostí obdivovalo cisárovninu róbu: perlovo sivé, striebrom vyšívané saténové šaty s prehodenou bielou mušelínovou štólou a dlhou vlečkou. Okrem nádherných šiat mala vtedy 41-ročná Alžbeta výrazné skvostné šperky, ktoré pochádzali z inventára klenotnice a boli upravené na túto priležitosť. Diadém, náhrdelnik, opasok a korzet šperkov boli posiate diamantmi a rubínmi.

Výstava na zámku Schloss Hof skúma otázku, aké kritériá musela spĺňať ideálna nevesta alebo ženích, a predovšetkým, kto bol považovaný za dostatočne hodného stať sa členom habsburskej dynastie. Na zámku Niederweiden sa všetko točí okolo ceremoniálu a veľkolepých slávností, ktoré jasne ukazujú, že svadby nepochybne patrili k najdôležitejším udalostiam cisárskeho domu a vyznačovali sa osobitnou pompéznosťou a prepracovanými inscenáciami.

hertha_hurnaus_schloss_hof_24

Schloss Hof (c) Hertha Hurnaus (Hertha Hurnaus)

10 faktov o Habsurgovcoch

Začiatok vlády: 1273

Počet cisárov a kráľov: 24

Najdlhšie vládnuci panovník: František Jozef I. od 1848 do 1916

Posledný cisár: Karol I. (1916–1918)

Najúspešnejší vojvodca: Princ Eugen Savojský (1663–1736)

Pôvodný hrad rodu: Habsburg v kantóne Aargau, Švajčiarsko

Sídlo: Hofburg, Viedeň

Letné sídlo: Zámok Schönbrunn, Viedeň (od roku 1696)

Dôležité zmeny: V roku 1804 založil cisár František I. Rakúske cisárstvo, z ktorého v roku 1867 za cisára Františka Jozefa I. vznikla Rakúsko-uhorská monarchia. Bojovať však musel i František Jozef: jeho posledná vojna, ktorá bola 1. svetovou vojnou, viedla v roku 1918 napokon k zániku Dunajskej monarchie. Rakúsko je síce od roku 1918 republikou, no mnoho pozostatkov monarchie prežíva v každodennom živote dodnes. Odráža to i obľúbenosť rôznych titulov. Kapucínska krypta vo Viedni.

Koniec vlády: 1918

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