Vytlačiť túto stránku

Revolučné inovácie Toyoty, ktoré možno nepoznáte (I.)

Napísal TS 04. august 2021

Prvé elektrické SUV na svete, prvé pretekárske auto s turbodúchadlom, prvá spojka bez toxického azbestu – to je iba niekoľko z mnohých inovácií Toyoty, ktoré zmenili a naďalej menia automobilový svet. Aj keď je spoločnosť známa predovšetkým vďaka inovatívnym riešeniam.

Ako je napríklad hybridný Prius alebo vodíkový Mirai, značka má na svojom konte omnoho viac technologických úspechov. Tu sú niektoré z nich:

Prvé pretekárske auto s turbom (1970)

Inovatívne riešenia zvyčajne smerujú od výkonných športových vozidiel k sériovým. V prípade turbodúchadla  to bolo naopak. V roku 1962 predstavil Oldsmobile model F-85 Jetfire, prvý sériový osobný automobil na svete s turbodúchadlom. Ale už po dvoch rokoch auto stiahli z výroby.  Aj napriek dobrým výkonom malo vozidlo z Detroitu technické problémy, ktoré súviseli s poruchami turbodúchadla.  

1_toyoty_7_turbo_1970

Niekoľko ďalších rokov sa žiadny z významných výrobcov nepokúšal použiť v sériovom automobile turbo. Prekvapením môže byť fakt, že sa oň nezaujímali ani konštruktéri závodných automobilov, hoci výhody tohto riešenia boli známe. Je možné, že ich odradila vízia zadretých turbín, ktoré musel Oldsmobile hromadne vymieňať v rámci záruky v autách.

Patovú situáciu prelomili konštruktéri  Toyoty, ktorí koncom  60. rokov začali pracovať na nových motoroch pre závodné modely.  Prvé verzie závodnej Toyoty 7 mali atmosférický motor. V novembri 1969 inžinieri Toyoty, podporovaní konštruktérmi z Yamaha Motor Company, začali pracovať na motore 91E. Päťlitrový motor V8 mal dostať ,,injekciu na zvýšenie výkonu” použitím dvoch turbodúchadiel od americkej spoločnosti  Garrett AiResearch.

Počas testov na dynamometri dosiahli výsledok viac ako 850 k. Finálna verzia motora  Toyota 91E vyvinula výkon  800 k pri  8000 ot/min. Maximálny krútiaci moment bol 726 Nm pri 7500 ot/min. Závodnej Toyote, ktorá mala hmotnosť iba 620 kg, zaručovalo turbo vynikajúci výkon.  Inžinieri spoločnosti zdokonalili mazací systém motora a turbíny, čím minimalizovali riziko zadretia.  

Prvá Toyota 7 Turbo bola hotová v apríli 1970. Debutovať mala na Veľkej cene Japonska na okruhu Fuji Speedway. Z  podujatia sa však stiahol hlavný súper – koncern Nissan s modelom R383. Situáciu skomplikovala aj zmena japonských predpisov o emisných normách výfukových plynov, ktorá sa týkala aj športových automobilov.  

2_toyota_7_turbo_1970

Debut prvého pretekárskeho auta s turbom na svete bol nakoniec odložený na 26.júla 1970, na preteky Fuji 1000 km. Za volanty troch prototypov modelu si sadli traja vodiči z tímu Toyota ovenčení titulmi: Shihomi Hosoya, Minoru Kawai a Hiroyuki Kukidome. Účinok preplňovania bol ohromujúci. Ešte počas testov dosiahli pretekárske vozidlá  na okruhu vynikajúce časy. Zdalo sa, že prvé závodné turbo je schopné poraziť ktoréhokoľvek súpera.

Žiaľ,  po  tragickej smrti Minoru Kawai pri nehode na okruhu  Suzuka Toyota odvolala plánované štarty v americkej sérii Can-Am. Dnes je exemplár modelu 7 Turbo, prvého automobilu na svete s turbom, vystavený v múzeu Toyota v Nagakute.

Za zmienku stojí, že ďalšie auto s preplňovaním - Porsche 917/30 debutovalo iba dva roky po  Toyote. V 70. rokoch sa toto riešenie stalo v závodných autách, ako napríklad Porsche 935/78 Moby Dick alebo BMW 320 Turbo IMSA Group 5, takmer štandardom. Priekopníkom turba v motoršporte však bola Toyota.

Prvé tranzistorové zapaľovanie v aute sériovej výroby  (1967)

Od počiatkov automobilového priemyslu bol zapaľovací mechanizmus nočnou morou pre tisíce konštruktérov, inžinierov a technikov. Prvé zapaľovacie systémy, ktoré možno nazvať elektronickými,  vytvorili ešte v 40. a 50. rokoch v USA a Veľkej Británii. V polovici  50. rokov použila spoločnosť  Lucas menej dokonalý systém tohto druhu v závodných automobiloch  BRM a Coventry Climax. Výzvy sa chopil aj koncern Delco – dodávateľ elektronických komponentov pre GM a Ford. Stále však išlo o konštrukcie montované výlučne do závodných vozidiel. Ich výroba bola drahá a neboli spoľahlivé.

Ani výrobcom v Európe sa nepodarilo dosiahnuť stopercentnú spoľahlivosť. Prelomom sa stal vynález a použitie tyristorov a tranzistorov. V 60.rokoch dodávatelia elektronických súčiastok ponúkali elektronické systémy zapaľovania na vlastnoručnú montáž. Vzhľadom na vysokú cenu ich využívali najmä rally pretekári a tuningové firmy.

3_toyota_century_e_1967

Toyota začala pracovať na bezkontaktonom elektronickom tranzistorovom zapaľovaní začiatkom šesťdesiatych rokov. V spolupráci s koncernom Nippondenso (dnes Denso) navrhla prvý tranzistorový zapaľovací systém pre sériovo vyrábané vozidlá. Toyoty s týmto systémom počas vývojových prác najazdili viac ako 2 milióny kilometrov v rôznych podmienkach. Systém zdokonalili tak, že fungoval bezchybne.  Jeho výhody boli evidentné – rovnomernejší chod motora a nižšia spotreba paliva. Významnou výhodou bolo aj vylúčenie servisných činností typických pre klasické zapaľovacie systémy, ako je čistenie kontaktov.

Prvým modelom, do ktorého sa dostal, bola Toyota Century (VG20) poháňaná trojlitrovým beznínovým motorom  V8 (symbol 3V) s výkonom 150 k. Luxusná limuzína s inovatívnym systémom elektronického zapaľovania debutovala v novembri 1967 na autosalóne Tokyo Motor Show a nahradila vlajkový model Crown Eight. Takto si revolučné riešenie spoločnosti  Toyota našlo cestu do sériovo vyrábaných vozidiel. Až rok po premiére Toyoty Century boli elektronické systémy zapaľovania namontované do Fiatu Dino a neskôr do vybraných verzií  Porsche 911. V bežných automobiloch sa elektronické systémy zapaľovania stali štandardom až  druhej polovici 70. rokov.

Jeden z prvých motorov s ventilom EGR v sériovom modeli (1972/73)

Koncom  60. rokov zaviedol štát Kalifornia nové emisné štandardy. V tom čase boli najprísnejšie v celých Spojených štátoch. Rrastúci počet áut, povrch krajiny a nepriaznivé vetry spôsobili, že nad Los Angeles, San Franciscom a inými mestami sa často objavoval smog. Výrobcovia, ktorí mali svoje salóny v Kalifornii, boli povinní dodržiavať  prísnejšie  štandardy výfukových emisií. Kontroloval ich úrad  California Air Resources Board (CARB), založený v roku 1967. Ešte prísnejšie predpisy mali platiť od roku 1973.

V tom čase spoločnosť Toyota vkladala veľké nádeje do predaja kupé Celica. Po debute v USA sa ukázalo, že viac ako 50 % áut objednávali predajcovia  z Kalifornie. Preto inžinieri Toyoty pracovali na vhodnom riešení. Stal sa ním ventil  EGR (ventil recirkulácie výfukových plynov).

4_kalifornia_toyota_celica1973

Toto zariadenie je namontované medzi výfukovým systémom a sacím systémom a umožňuje znížiť emisie škodlivých oxidov dusíka. Ešte v roku 1971 boli ventily EGR testované v rôznych motoroch Toyoty. Prvým sériovým modelom bola  Celica s 18R-C určená na predaj v Kalifornii. Písmeno C pochádzalo od slova California.

Dvojlitrový  štvorvalcový motor vznikol na základe jednotky so symbolom 18R. Vyvinul maximálny výkon 98 k pri 5500 ot/min. Japonská verzia 18R-U mala o vyšší výkon, ale splnenie prísnych kalifornských výfukových noriem prispelo k zvýšeniu predaja a komerčný úspech Celicy v USA.

EGR nebol nápadom dizajnérov spoločnosti Toyota, ale japonská spoločnosť bola jednou z prvých  automobilových spoločností,  ktoré rýchlo a efektívne reagovali na prísne predpisy štátu Kalifornia a implementovali toto riešenie do hromadnej výroby. Aj keď bol v technológiách znižovania emisií z výfukových plynov dosiahnutý veľký pokrok, ventily EGR sú montované dodnes vo väčšine osobných automobilov so zážihovými a vznetovými motormi.

31 komentárov

  • Komentár sud77.ru %AM, %23 %047 %2025 %00:%mar napísal sud77.ru

    Assume of it this manner, you should finish in the high 1% of
    the 2025 CrossFit Open to be eligible to qualify for the
    2025 CrossFit Games. Castro’s teasers have lengthy been a staple of CrossFit lore, with cryptic social media posts maintaining the neighborhood engaged.
    Given Castro’s historical past, the repeat might be a
    exercise that checks each skill and engine—one that permits opponents
    to measure progress over the years.
    The first pull off the ground is always the
    hardest, making larger opening sets simpler than small, frequent breaks.
    "Fives are infinitely harder to maintain than hitting one huge chunk early," Froning mentioned.
    Athletes should aim for or , somewhat than evenly breaking
    the reps. As with any unverified info, it’s
    essential to strategy these leaks with caution.
    She is a Canadian consultant and a 5x CrossFit Video Games individual competitor.
    She got here into the sport carrying high-level gymnastics abilities but in addition established herself as one of the athletes with the most effective endurance.
    In flip, she excelled in multiple working occasions over the course of her career.

    Emily’s greatest finish on the CrossFit Video Games came in 2024, when she secured a bronze medal.
    She placed properly in all different appearances, except the 2022 version of the Games, when she had
    to bear an emergency surgical procedure due to a blood clot in her arm.

    CrossFit Open exercises are designed to be balanced but challenging.


    By tuning into the reside announcements and collaborating in the exercises, you’re joining a world movement that challenges and conjures up.
    From personal bests to simply getting via the exercise,
    the first week is all about celebrating fitness and pushing
    your self beyond your limits. It’s an opportunity to really feel the camaraderie that CrossFit has built over the years—this isn't just a competition; it’s a
    community event that transcends the leaderboard.

    Earlier Than CrossFit I had by no means pushed my physique so onerous
    to complete a exercise, so consistent nutrition was
    more of a pleasant to have. Uncertain in regards to the end result,
    we get to put it all on the road, give our greatest effort, and see how we carry out.
    2024 CrossFit Games Champion James Sprague took to the floor to throwdown shortly
    after the announcement of twenty-two.3 – a basic CrossFit mixture of rowing, wall-walks and
    barbell work. To develop, refine, or refresh judging abilities prior to
    the Open, individuals are inspired to complete the Judges Course and/or the Advanced Judges Course, out there online at CrossFit Courses.
    The content on BOXROX is offered solely for informational and
    educational purposes.
    Lest you assume that is an exaggeration, particularly the "bolder human" part, we have to discover how important it is to frequently do issues we find tough.

    With Foundations, Scaled, and Rx’d variations of every workout,
    there's a model for everyone from absolutely the newbie to the elite competitor and everybody in between.
    For others, the Open is about putting themselves on the market, displaying up, and celebrating health and connecting with others in their affiliate and
    around the world. For a select few, the Open is the first step in qualifying for the CrossFit Video Games.
    The CrossFit Open is a celebration of fitness, community, and personal growth.


    These will embrace Colten Mertens and Liz Wishart, winners of the 2024
    NorCal Classic. It additionally appears that Emily Rolfe
    and Bethany Flores have acquired one of the wildcard invites.

    The top 40 men and women in the on-line qualifier will compete within the elite particular
    person division at the French Throwdown.
    The finest strategy is to stay at a managed pace for the first
    eight minutes and choose up velocity within the ultimate 4 minutes if vitality allows.
    Foam rollers, mobility balls, and therapeutic massage
    guns help hold your physique in prime form between exercises.

    UKSF Restoration Instruments are designed for efficient muscle relief and mobility work.

    There have been so many ways I wanted to help my shoppers however on the time
    I solely actually wore one hat, private trainer. As training progressed, I dove deeper into the
    game of weightlifting the place I attended seminars facilitated
    by national-level lifters and became a member of USA Weightlifting USAW, competing as a seventy seven kg lifter 169 lbs.
    5 cups cooked quinoa⁣ 2 tsp oil of selection ⁣ 1 cup milk of selection vitamin information are based
    on unsweetened almond⁣ 4 eggs⁣ 1 tbs honey⁣ 1.
    That’s because the Open takes on a particular and unique that means
    for each one that signs up. For some, the Open brings to
    life the why behind our daily commitment to CrossFit.

    Many of us got here to CrossFit because we wished extra for our well being and fitness, and the Open provides us with a
    method to keep accountable to this effort. For others,
    it’s a way to connect and rejoice with other CrossFit athletes inside their affiliate and in other
    cities around the world. The CrossFit Open 2024 starts on Thursday February 29 with the reveal of the first workout.
    Athletes will then have till the next Monday (March 4) to finish the workout and submit their scores.
    Athletes who management their depth from the outset are
    likelier to maintain consistency throughout the exercise.

    Comparable to the TFX Invitational, Syndicate Crown shall be
    an IPQE for the North America East area. Moreover,
    solely athletes who haven't already qualified shall be invited to compete
    on the IPQE. So if an athlete has already qualified for
    the Games through the In-Affiliate Semifinal, they will not
    be able to compete at Syndicate Crown.
    Maybe you’re aiming to enhance your rating from last yr, or perhaps
    you’re just trying to end the workout as strong as potential.
    Whatever your aim is, the first exercise can present insight into what you
    should give attention to for the rest of the Open. MVP Area is Upstate
    New York’s premier sports and leisure facility.
    Originally opened in 1990 as the Knickerbocker Area, MVP Enviornment has developed considerably
    by way of multi-million-dollar renovations starting in 2016.
    Highlights of these upgrades embrace the enclosure of the front atrium, total
    renovation of the locker rooms, and the replacement of upper-level seating.
    With a seating capacity of as much as 15,
    000, the arena has turn into a central hub for major sports activities occasions,
    concerts, and leisure in the Capital Region.
    A correct warmup can additionally be essential to make
    sure your muscular tissues are primed and your coronary heart price
    is elevated with out feeling fatigued. The 2025 CrossFit Open 25.2 exercise is a repeat of 22.three, bringing again a fast-paced test of endurance, strength,
    and ability. This workout contains a difficult mixture of
    pullups, double-unders, and thrusters, increasing in issue as you progress.

    The ultimate objective of the CrossFit Games is to
    search out and crown the Fittest on Earth. To do this, the
    Open casts a wide internet and attracts a lot of individuals from all over the world to participate on a level taking half in area initially of competition. Maybe that’s the magnificence of
    the Open — independent of fitness stage, the
    Open brings us together to pursue something that might
    not hold the identical that means or possibilities if we have been simply
    understanding on our personal. The Open supplies a benchmark to measure your fitness
    yr over yr. It’s an opportunity to see the place you excel
    and where you can improve, supplying you with a contemporary perspective on your training.
    Even if you don’t think about your self competitive, pushing yourself exterior of your
    consolation zone can be a powerful motivator. Harry
    covers news, critiques and options for Coach, Fit&Well and Live
    Science.
    The people and groups will once once more compete
    at the identical venue, similar to last yr. Exterior of August, CrossFit has not announced the precise
    dates or location for this year’s CrossFit Video Games. The top 20 groups on the planet from the In-Affiliate Semifinals will qualify for the
    2025 CrossFit Games. A compete calendar of the complete elite aggressive calendar could
    be learn here. The on-line qualifier begins January 29 and runs
    through February 7. With 12 qualifying spots coming from the In-Affiliate
    Semifinals, the remaining 18 qualifying spots will come from the 10 In-Person Qualifying
    Occasions.
    The state-of-the-art facility presents cutting-edge amenities, ample parking,
    and accessibility for attendees, making it a super location for large-scale gatherings.
    Positioned in the heart of Ny, Albany offers an ideal setting for the CrossFit Video Games, combining accessibility, world-class services,
    and a vibrant, welcoming environment. Simply a short
    drive from the Albany International Airport,
    which provides direct connections to main domestic and international
    destinations, the town is well accessible for athletes and spectators alike.
    Identified for its rich historical past, cultural points of interest,
    and thriving food and humanities scene, town will supply an distinctive expertise for visitors each on and off
    the CrossFit Video Games competition flooring. Prepping for hip and shoulder activation will
    stop early fatigue.
    The biggest separator in this workout is efficiency on the rig—whether it’s pull-ups, chest-to-bar, or bar muscle-ups.

    Sharing our scores is a half of the CrossFit tradition and why we
    write them on the whiteboard each day in class. It supplies us with an additional layer of accountability and shared commitment
    to the Workout of the Day.
    Managing grip fatigue, breathing patterns, and movement efficiency will significantly impact efficiency.
    Whether Or Not competing for a prime spot on the leaderboard or testing your limits, 25.three
    is a must-try. It’s structure demands strategy, precision, and resilience—a mix of technical
    gymnastics and progressively heavier lifts that will push even the fittest athletes.

    If you’ve been waiting for an opportunity to showcase your power, endurance,
    and mental toughness, this is it. Vedad is a journalist specializing in power sports
    activities, with three years of expertise masking powerlifting, Olympic weightlifting,
    strongman, armwrestling and bodybuilding. He is a lifelong
    fitness enthusiast, passionate about all elements of power coaching.
    Vedad's in-depth knowledge of training methodologies and dedication to fixed analysis
    gasoline his insightful and interesting reporting.
    Elite athletes aim for sub-one-minute rounds early, while intermediate
    athletes ought to persist with second intervals to avoid
    excessive fatigue. Maintaining a gentle EMOM-style tempo helps ensure a strong push in later rounds.
    The first round will feel relatively easy, however don’t be deceived.

    Athletes typically make the mistake of going out too fast,
    solely to hit a wall because the thrusters get heavier and
    the gymnastics turn out to be more demanding.
    By setting realistic objectives, managing your time effectively, and involving
    your loved ones in your fitness journey, you'll find a way to obtain a harmonious stability between being a dedicated father and a wholesome, active particular person. Each sport provides distinctive benefits,
    from cardiovascular health to energy and agility, and also imparts useful life abilities.
    When it comes to well being and health, misinformation spreads like wildfire.

    The reside announcements are significant occasions in the CrossFit calendar.
    Broadcast globally, they not solely reveal the week’s workout but
    additionally showcase elite athletes performing the routines in real-time.
    For many athletes, the primary exercise of the Open is an emotional rollercoaster.
    You would possibly really feel great whenever you begin, but fatigue will probably set in quickly as you push through each round.

    Managing your energy, pacing yourself properly, and avoiding hitting
    the wall too early shall be key to performing well.
    The athletes completed Workout 1 — Nasty Ladies — at CrossFit
    580 on Wednesday, and the second two workouts,
    Open Workout 11.3 and Open Workout 24.1, during Thursday’s announcement at CrossFit Pleasanton. CrossFit Open 25.3 is a highly repeatable workout, making
    pacing and execution crucial.
    The top 20 athletes within the NA East area on the CrossFit Open leaderboard will receive an invite.
    Syndicate will also invite the subsequent 10 athletes
    under the cut line of the In-Affiliate Semifinal within the NA East region. With this, athletes
    might be restricted to those who have an African or UAE passport or reside and prepare
    in those areas. Athletes now have the chance
    to dig into past Open workouts and start preparing for what
    might return. ? Spending simply 5-10 minutes on these areas post-workout can cut back soreness and optimize efficiency for future training.
    Athletes scaling the workout will give consideration to jumping pull-ups, single-unders, and lighter thrusters whereas nonetheless
    dealing with a progressively difficult structure.

    Those looking to enhance their rating on a second try should evaluation transitions, barbell cycling efficiency, and wall stroll pacing.
    This is the final barbell motion earlier than the final row, so athletes ought to push intensity with out dropping effectivity.
    The combination of barbell movements and wall walks can tax your grip.
    The first week of the 2025 CrossFit Open went by splendidly, as
    thousands of people took half, testing their fitness and pursuing great placements on the
    leaderboard.